Residue Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Cyazofamid and Its Metabolite in Korean Cabbage Under Greenhouse Conditions
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Residue Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Cyazofamid and Its Metabolite in Korean Cabbage Under Greenhouse Conditions Aniruddha Sarker1,2 · Sang‑Hyeob Lee1 · Se‑Yeon Kwak1 · Ae‑Ji Nam1 · Hyo‑Jeong Kim1 · Jang‑Eok Kim1 Received: 2 May 2020 / Accepted: 13 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The residual characteristics and risk assessment with respect to cyazofamid and its metabolite 4-chloro-5-p-tolylimidazole2-carbonitrile were monitored in case of Korean cabbage at different preharvest intervals during a greenhouse trial. The 0.02 kg a.i/ha of cyazofamid was sprayed twice on seven-day intervals (i.e., on day 0, 7, 14, and 21 before harvest). The liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis was used to monitor the residual amount of fungicide. The matrix-matched calibration curves with respect to the cyazofamid in Korean cabbage exhibited good linearity ( R2 ≥ 0.999) and acceptable recoveries of 84.1%–114.9%. The biological half-life of cyazofamid in Korean cabbage was 3.18 days. During the treatment, the preharvest residue of cyazofamid in Korean cabbage 14 days before harvest (0.80 mg/kg) was lower than that specified by the MFDS–MRL (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety-Maximum Residue Limit, 2.0 mg/kg) and should be recommended as the safe preharvest-interval application limit. The hazard quotient showed low toxicity (70.58%) during the risk assessment study of cyazofamid. Keywords Cyazofamid residue · Risk assessment · Korean cabbage Cyazofamid is a widely used fungicide obtained from the chemical class of phenyl imidazole, exhibiting specific activities against plant diseases caused by oomycetes (Takeshi et al. 2004). It is categorized as a novel fungicide based on its low mammalian toxicity (LD50 for rats: > 5000 mg/ kg) and ecological effect (US EPA 2004). Cyazofamid is used to protect various vegetables and fruits from fungal diseases, including late blight, downy mildew, and brown rot (Mitani et al. 2001; Lee et al. 2014; Lozowicka 2015; Xu et al. 2016). Recent observations have already revealed the extensive utilization of cyazofamid to control the late blight of tomatoes (Yang et al. 2019) and downy mildew of grapes (Pang et al. 2019). The mammalian toxicity of cyazofamid affects the cortical neuron cells, considerably decreasing the cell viability * Jang‑Eok Kim [email protected] 1
School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, EXIM Bank Agricultural University Bangladesh (EBAUB), Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh
2
at various exposure modes and adversely harming the kidneys of male rats (US EPA 2004; Regueiro et al. 2015). Furthermore, immediately after application, cyazofamid may convert into several structurally similar identified toxic metabolites [4-(4-chloro-2-cyanoimidazole-5-yl) benzoic acid (CCBA), 4-chloro-5-p-tolylimidazole-2-carbonitrile (CCIM) and 4-chloro-5-p-tolylimidazole-2-carboxamide (CCIM-AM)
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