Nanoscience and nanotechnology in fabrication of scaffolds for tissue regeneration
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REVIEW
Nanoscience and nanotechnology in fabrication of scaffolds for tissue regeneration Farnaz‑Sadat Fattahi1 Received: 7 March 2020 / Accepted: 18 October 2020 © Islamic Azad University 2020
Abstract Nanofibers have attracted great research attention owing to their unique physicochemical characteristics and broad imple‑ mentation potential. These one dimensional nanostructures are being increasingly applied in biomedical fields such as manu‑ facturing the scaffolding materials for regenerate new tissues owing to their great surface area/to/volume ratio, high porosity by interrelated pore configuration and the suitable surface structure for cell attachment, proliferation, growth, adhesion, viability and differentiation. Nanofibrous scaffolds with porous construction can mimic the extra cellular matrix structure in providing the suitable area for cells in their microenvironment. Fabrication of nanofibrous scaffolds for cell cultivating is an important process for tissue engineering method. After that, implanting the scaffold―cell matrix in human body is a main stage for tissue regeneration. This review will consider important notes about tissue regeneration process briefly, and the novel explorations in manufacturing the nanostructure scaffolds will be reported. Keywords Nanofiber · Tissue engineering · Extra cellular matrix (ECM) · Scaffold
Introduction Tissue damages which caused with defects, accidents, wounds or other kinds of injuries is one of the difficult situations for human health [1–3]. Unfortunately, there are more and more numbers of requirements every year for vari‑ ous biomedical implants all over the world [4, 5]. Tissue repair involves the techniques of engineering biomaterial and biomedical sciences [6–8]. Tissue repair offers regen‑ eration potential for every tissue and organ of the human body [9–11]. The aim of tissue repair is to generate therapeutic prod‑ ucts [12–14]. These products apply the combination of matrix scaffolds with viable human cell systems [15, 16]. Also the cell responsive biomolecules derived from such cells are used for the restoration of damaged tissues [17]. Tissue repair can be described as the implementation of biological, chemical and engineering methods [18–20]. These methods are applied in order to repair, restore or regenerate the living tissues [21, 22]. In other words, tissue
* Farnaz‑Sadat Fattahi [email protected] 1
Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
repair process utilized the biomaterials, cells and biologi‑ cally active molecules alone or in combinations [23–26]. Actually, tissue engineering is the most current innovative area [27]. This field promotes the regeneration and recon‑ struction of human organs [1, 25]. Tissue repair usually can be done by autograft or allograft or xenograft techniques [4, 10, 28].
Nanoscience in fabrication of scaffolds for the tissue regeneration Engineering the tissues Tissue engineering is the application of a blend of cells, engineering methods and proper biomaterials. These factors used in ord
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