Natural Products as Potential Leads Against Coronaviruses: Could They be Encouraging Structural Models Against SARS-CoV-
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REVIEW
Natural Products as Potential Leads Against Coronaviruses: Could They be Encouraging Structural Models Against SARS‑CoV‑2? Ilkay Erdogan Orhan1 · F. Sezer Senol Deniz1 Received: 13 May 2020 / Accepted: 1 June 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract New coronavirus referred to SARS-CoV-2 has caused a worldwide pandemic (COVID-19) declared by WHO. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease with severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus-2 (SARSCoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 is akin to SARS-CoV, which was the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002 as well as to that of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012. SARS-CoV-2 has been revealed to belong to Coronaviridiae family as a member of β-coronaviruses. It has a positive-sense single-stranded RNA with the largest RNA genome. Since its genomic sequence has a notable similarity to that of SARS-CoV, antiviral drugs used to treat SARS and MERS are now being also applied for COVID-19 treatment. In order to combat SARS-CoV-2, many drug and vaccine development studies at experimental and clinical levels are currently conducted worldwide. In this sense, medicinal plants and the pure natural molecules isolated from plants have been reported to exhibit significant inhibitory antiviral activity against SARS-CoV and other types of coronaviruses. In the present review, plant extracts and natural molecules with the mentioned activity are discussed in order to give inspiration to researchers to take these molecules into consideration against SARS-CoV-2. Keywords Coronavirus · SARS-CoV · Medicinal plants · Natural products · Antiviral
1 Introduction Coronaviruses (family of Coronaviridiae, order of Nidovirales) named for the crown-like spikes on their surface are described as a family consisting of enveloped, singlestranded, and positive-strand RNA viruses possessing a helical nucleocapsid. They are known to cause acute and chronic respiratory, enteric, and central nervous system diseases in animals and humans [1]. Some types of coronaviruses are known to be hosted by humans including HCoV-229E, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-NL-63 (α-coronoviruses), HCoVOC43, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV (β-coronoviruses). On the other hand, other types of coronaviruses using animal species as host are also available such as transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV) in pigs, feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and feline enteric coronavirus (FeCoV) in cats, * Ilkay Erdogan Orhan [email protected] 1
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
bovine respiratory coronavirus (BCoV) in cows, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chickens and birds also known as avian coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), etc. They are generally classified under three groups as group I (TGEV, PEDV, FIPV, PRCV, and CCoV), group II (MHV, BCoV, and HCoV-OC43), and group III (TCoV and IBV) [2]. SARS-CoV was reported to cross-react with some members of group I coronavirus anti
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