Neurological involvement of coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review
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REVIEW
Neurological involvement of coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review Malik Ghannam1 · Qasem Alshaer2 · Mustafa Al‑Chalabi3 · Lara Zakarna4 · Jetter Robertson1 · Georgios Manousakis1 Received: 17 May 2020 / Revised: 8 June 2020 / Accepted: 10 June 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Background In December 2019, unexplained cases of pneumonia emerged in Wuhan, China, which were found to be secondary to the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. On March 11, 2020, the WHO declared the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-2019) outbreak, a pandemic. Objective To clarify the neurological complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection including the potential mechanisms and therapeutic options. Methods We conducted a systematic literature search from December 01, 2019 to May 14, 2020 using multiple combinations of keywords from PubMed and Ovid Medline databases according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We included articles with cases of COVID-19 where neurological involvement was evident. Results We were able to identify 82 cases of COVID-19 with neurological complications. The mean age was 62.3 years. 37.8% of the patients were women (n = 31). 48.8% of the patients (n = 40) had cerebrovascular insults, 28% (n = 23) had neuromuscular disorders, and 23% of the patients (n = 19) had encephalitis or encephalopathy. Conclusions Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are not rare, especially large vessel stroke, Guillain–Barre syndrome, and meningoencephalitis. Moving forward, further studies are needed to clarify the prevalence of the neurological complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection, investigate their biological backgrounds, and test treatment options. Physicians should be cautious not to overlook other neurological diagnoses that can mimic COVID-19 during the pandemic. Keywords Neurological complications · SARS-CoV-2 · Pandemic
Introduction
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-09990-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Coronaviruses (CoV) are a family of enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that have been described for more than 50 years. Some strains are found to be zoonotic, whereas others may infect humans and transmit
* Malik Ghannam [email protected]
1
Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA
* Georgios Manousakis [email protected]
2
Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
Qasem Alshaer [email protected]
3
Department of Neurology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
Mustafa Al‑Chalabi [email protected]
4
Department of Neuroscience, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
Lara Zakarna [email protected] Jetter Robertson [email protected]
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from human-to-human (HCoV) [1]. Multiple strains of Coronavirus are associated with human disease, causing mainly res
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