Ni/Pd-catalyzed coordination-insertion copolymerization of ethylene with alkyl acrylate
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Ni/Pd‑catalyzed coordination‑insertion copolymerization of ethylene with alkyl acrylate Urmilla Baruah1,2 · Prakash J. Saikia1,2 · Shashi D. Baruah1,2 Received: 2 September 2019 / Revised: 28 November 2019 / Accepted: 5 December 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Commercially, polyethylene is a highly produced commodity polymer. But due to its hydrophobic nature, it limits its applications, where utility is based on surface properties, such as adhesion, printability, wettability, and miscibility with other polar polymers. Therefore, the presence of a hydrophilic polar functionality is desired to overcome such difficulties. With its high exigency, synthesis of functionalized polyethylene with unique surface properties is now a very challenging task to be accomplished. In this perspective, developments on palladium and nickel (mainly based on ligands containing neutral α-diimine and anionic phosphine–sulfonate derivative)mediated coordination/insertion copolymerization of ethylene with polar functionalized co-monomers are discussed herein. Keywords Functional polyethylene · Alkyl acrylate · Coordination copolymerization Abbreviations AA Acrylic acid AlA Allyl acetate AMDET Acyclic diene metathesis Ar-BIAN Bis(aryl-imino) acenaphthene BMPO Bisphosphine monoxide BuA Butylacrylate BVE Butyl vinyl ether CA Carbonic anhydride Cp Cyclopentadienyl COD 1,5-Cyclooctadiene DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide
* Prakash J. Saikia [email protected] 1
CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST), Jorhat, Assam 785006, India
2
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR‑NEIST Campus, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
Polymer Bulletin
DOPPBS Di(2-methoxyphenyl) phosphine benzene-2-sulfonic acid EP Ethylene/propylene HDPE High-density polyethylene MA Methyl acrylate MAO Methylaluminoxane MMA Methyl methacrylate NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance PE Polyethylene PEAA Polymer of ethylene and AA PPh3 Triphenylphosphine PSO Phosphine–sulfonate chelate ROMP Ring-opening metathesis polymerization SHOP Shell higher olefin process TMEDA Tetramethylethylenediamine VAc Vinyl acetate VF Vinyl fluoride
Introduction Catalytic olefin (co)polymerization has been a pivotal area of research since the foundation of most commercialized coordination/insertion polymerization of olefins using a combination of trace impurities of nickel salts with alkylaluminum compounds as discovered by Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta [1]. With tremendous progress, today the world produces roughly 100 million tons of polyethylene annually [2] and is the most used polyolefin along with polypropylene. It is expected to expand the scope of polyolefin applications by improving adhesion, polymer miscibility, gas diffusion characteristics, and toughness. Hence, efficient incorporation of functionality in the polyolefinic backbone attracts considerable attention [3, 4] and became a significant challenge in polymer synthesis. We [5–7] also successfully incorporate
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