Nitrated monoaromatic hydrocarbons (nitrophenols, nitrocatechols, nitrosalicylic acids) in ambient air: levels, mass siz
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AIR POLLUTION: CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH RISKS
Nitrated monoaromatic hydrocarbons (nitrophenols, nitrocatechols, nitrosalicylic acids) in ambient air: levels, mass size distributions and inhalation bioaccessibility Zoran Kitanovski 1 & Jan Hovorka 2 & Jan Kuta 3 & Cecilia Leoni 2 & Roman Prokeš 3 & Ondřej Sáňka 3 & Pourya Shahpoury 1,4 & Gerhard Lammel 1,3 Received: 29 December 2019 / Accepted: 1 June 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Nitrated monoaromatic hydrocarbons (NMAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment and an important part of atmospheric humiclike substances (HULIS) and brown carbon. They are ecotoxic and with underresearched toxic potential for humans. NMAHs were determined in size-segregated ambient particulate matter collected at two urban sites in central Europe, Ostrava and Kladno, Czech Republic. The average sums of 12 NMAHs (Σ12NMAH) measured in winter PM10 samples from Ostrava and Kladno were 102 and 93 ng m−3, respectively, and 8.8 ng m−3 in summer PM10 samples from Ostrava. The concentrations in winter corresponded to 6.3–7.3% and 2.6–3.1% of HULIS-C and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), respectively. Nitrocatechols represented 67–93%, 61–73% and 28–96% of NMAHs in PM10 samples collected in winter and summer at Ostrava and in winter at Kladno, respectively. The mass size distribution of the targeted substance classes peaked in the submicrometre size fractions (PM1), often in the PM0.5 size fraction especially in summer. The bioaccessible fraction of NMAHs was determined by leaching PM3 samples in two simulated lung fluids, Gamble’s solution and artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF). More than half of NMAH mass is found bioaccessible, almost complete for nitrosalicylic acids. The bioaccessible fraction was generally higher when using ALF (mimics the chemical environment created by macrophage activity, pH 4.5) than Gamble’s solution (pH 7.4). Bioaccessibility may be negligible for lipophilic substances (i.e. log KOW > 4.5). Keywords Air pollution . Nitroaromatic compounds . Bioaccessibility . Aerosol
Introduction Nitrated monoaromatic hydrocarbons (NMAHs) are an important part of humic-like substances (HULIS), which in turn Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09540-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Gerhard Lammel [email protected] 1
Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
2
Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
3
Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
4
Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
constitute a large mass fraction of particulate matter (PM) water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC; Graber and Rudich 2006) and brown carbon (Laskin et al. 2015). NMAHs are primarily emitted into the atmosphere or formed by secondary processes. G
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