Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban and rural residential soils, levels, composition profiles, source identificati
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban and rural residential soils, levels, composition profiles, source identification and health risk & hazard Bhupander Kumar1 · Virendra Kumar Verma1 · Disha Joshi2,3 · Sanjay Kumar1 · Prashant Gargava1 Received: 7 August 2020 / Accepted: 27 October 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The presence of PAHs in soil and the close proximity of soils to humans may lead to human exposure through various pathways. Therefore, levels of priority sixteen PAHs in soils were measured for human and environmental health risk assessments. No recent study on human and environmental health effects due to PAHs in soils is available for Delhi. The levels of total PAHs in soils ranged between 213–851 μg kg−1 with the mean of 550 ± 55 μg kg−1, which was comparatively lower in rural area. Seven carcinogenic PAHs (7CPAHs) accounted for 28.6% of ∑16PAHs. However, benzo(a)pyrene toxicity equivalency (BaPTE) of 7CPAHs accounted for 98.2% to ∑BaPTE. Lifetime average daily dose (LADD) of PAHs through soil for human adults and children was 9.43 × 10−8 mg kg−1 d−1 and 3.53 × 10−7 mg kg−1 d−1, respectively. The estimated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for children (4.80 × 10−5) was comparatively higher than adults (1.29 × 10 −5). The index of additive cancer risk (IACR), potential threat to potable groundwater water quality from leaching of carcinogenic PAHs from soil were also estimated and presented. The observed levels of PAHs in soils and their human health risk and environmental health hazard at different locations were assessed using recommended guidelines. Keywords PAHs · Soil · Cancer risk · IACR
1 Introduction Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a group of organic compounds containing 2 or more benzene rings are released to the environment from petroleum products (petrogenic sources) and from various anthropogenic activities. Anthropogenic sources of PAHs include incomplete combustion of coal, petroleum products and biomass (pyrogenic sources). PAHs exert genotoxic effects with induced mutations through formation of
DNA-PAH adducts and cause to developing carcinogenesis [1]. Among several PAHs, 16 compounds namely naphthalene (NPT), acenaphthylene (ACY), acenaphthene (ANE), fluorine (FLE), phenanthrene (PHE), anthracene (ANT), fluoranthene (FLT), pyrene (PYR), benzo(a) anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHR), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DBA), benzo(g,h,i) perylene (BghiP) and indeno (1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IndP) are classified and listed as the priority pollutants by
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03769-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users. * Bhupander Kumar, [email protected] | 1Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, Delhi 110032, India. 2University School of Chemical Technology, GGS Indraprastha University, Dwarka, Delhi 110078, India. 3Department of Civil Enginee
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