Nitrous Oxide Emission from Fertilized Soils: An Analytical Review
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CHEMISTRY
Nitrous Oxide Emission from Fertilized Soils: An Analytical Review V. N. Kudeyarov* Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, 142290 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received April 1, 2020; revised April 10, 2020; accepted April 27, 2020
Abstract—Soils are among the main biological sources of nitrous oxide (N2O), and nitrification and denitrification processes are the major N2O production factors in soils. The nitrogen of mineral and organic fertilizers applied to the fields is easily involved in the biogeochemical cycle of soil nitrogen and contributes to the N2O emission to the atmosphere. A longer lifetime (121 years) of nitrous oxide and a higher global warming potential as compared with CO2 and CH4 are responsible for its high importance in the greenhouse effect. An increase in the N2O concentrations enhances the destruction of the ozone layer. To evaluate the regional contributions of agricultural soils to the total world greenhouse gas emissions, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recommends using emission factors (EFN2O ) for national N2O inventories. The EFN2O value depends on many factors, including soil and climatic conditions, type of mineral fertilizer, organic amendments, and nitrogen-containing waste. The data on the direct measurements of N2O emission from soils in Russia are rather limited and the estimates for N2O emission from soils for The Russian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory rely on the data calculated according to the IPCC Guidelines. The nitrogen budget in the Russian agriculture in the past 25 years has been sharply deficient. This means that a considerable part of the crop yield is formed at the expense of mineralized soil nitrogen, which is quickly assimilated by plants and microorganisms and almost does not accumulate in a free state. The estimated EFN2O value for fertilized cereal crops (22–27 million hectares) and cereal crops is 0.66–0.70 and 0.54–2.56, which is considerably lower as compared with the IPCC default (1.0) recommended for ecologically permissible level of fertilizer nitrogen. Keywords: nitrous oxide, greenhouse gases, global warming potential, nitrogen fertilizers, nitrification, denitrification, emission factor DOI: 10.1134/S1064229320100105
INTRODUCTION Approximately 50 years ago, the global imbalance in the nitrogen cycle resulting from an ever-increasing use of all kinds of fertilizers in agriculture attracted attention because of an increase in the concentration of nitrates in natural and artificial water bodies and of the growth in N2O concentration in the atmosphere. In the last three–four decades, the focus on the research into the consequences of nitrogen cycle disorder drastically shifted towards assessing the effects of various factors on the production and emission of nitrous oxide, the third important gas (after CO2) contributing to the greenhouse effect. As compared with the other two greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4), nitrous oxide is p
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