Nuclear Medicine Radiation Dosimetry Advanced Theoretical Principles
The field of nuclear medicine is experiencing a transition where accurate dosimetry, approaching that required in external beam radiotherapy, may become the norm. Therapeutic applications are, by nature, patient-specific and bespoke calculations are requi
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Brian J. McParland
Nuclear Medicine Radiation Dosimetry Advanced Theoretical Principles
Brian J. McParland, BASc MSc PhD Amersham, Buckinghamshire United Kingdom
ISBN 978-1-84882-125-5
e-ISBN 978-1-84882-126-2
DOI 10.1007/978-1-84882-126-2 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010923178 # Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Product liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. Cover design: eStudio Calamar, Figueres/Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com)
For Sharon “Doubt thou the stars are fire, Doubt that the sun doth move, Doubt truth to be a liar, But never doubt I love” - Hamlet Act II, Scene II
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Preface
This book addresses the applications of radiation dosimetry theory to diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine, medical disciplines which have both contrasting and parallel requirements. To begin with, modern medical diagnostic imaging technologies have enabled the visualization of both anatomical structure and function to unprecedented degrees of resolution and complexity. However, with the major exceptions of magnetic resonance, ultrasound, and optical imaging, these technologies require the patient to be exposed to ionizing radiation. This presents the medical practitioner with the challenge of optimizing the diagnostic benefit obtained through the imaging procedure against the theoretical risk posed to the patient as a result of this exposure. The diagnostic benefit of the imaging procedure will be known from prior clinical experience or else have been determined empirically in clinical studies which yield measures of diagnostic efficacy such as sensitivity, specificity, and positive/negative predictive values. Evaluation of the theoretical radiation risk, on the other hand, is much more complex and is based upon the knowledge of the radiation fields and their interactions with tissues in combination with an understanding of the biological consequences of these interactions. The impact of the magnitudes of the risks presented by medical imaging has been the subject of debate for decades as their estimation requires extrapolation of radiation dose responses from epidemiological data obtained at high levels of radiation dose to the lower radiation doses associated with radiological or nuclear medicine procedures.1 Despite the resulting uncertainty over the magnitudes of these ext
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