One-step twin-screw extrusion process of cellulose fibers and hydroxyethyl cellulose to produce fibrillated cellulose bi
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
One-step twin-screw extrusion process of cellulose fibers and hydroxyethyl cellulose to produce fibrillated cellulose biocomposite Hesam Taheri . Maiju Hietala . Kristiina Oksman
Received: 15 October 2019 / Accepted: 12 June 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract In this work, the defibrillation of cellulose fibers (CF) in the presence of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) within the one-step twin-screw extrusion (TSE) process was examined. The effect of the TSE on cellulose fiber size reduction as well as CF-HEC biocomposites properties were investigated. The results showed that the TSE of cellulose fiberhydroxyethyl cellulose (CF-HEC) with different cellulose fiber contents (50, 65, and 80 wt%) resulted in partial defibrillation of the cellulose fibers. The fractionation test of the cellulose fibers confirmed that
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03287-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. H. Taheri Fiber and Particle Engineering Research Unit, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, 90014 Oulu, Finland e-mail: [email protected] M. Hietala Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Lulea˚ University of Technology, 97187 Lulea˚, Sweden e-mail: [email protected]
their size was reduced and some fibrillation was observed in microscopy studies. The maximum width reduction of 46% occurred with 80 wt% cellulose content. However, the partial width reduction was also observed with 50% and 65 wt% of cellulose contents. Based on rheological measurements, the shear-viscosity trend of CF-HEC dispersion abruptly dropped when higher fiber content (80 wt%) was extruded, which was related to the fibrillation of the cellulose fibers as well as the reduction of the length. The extruded CF-HEC materials (powder form) were compression molded to prepare the biocomposites with different cellulose fiber contents (50, 65, and 80 wt%). The extruded CF-HEC powders were diluted with addition extra HEC to make biocomposites with lower fiber content (20%, 30%, and 40 wt%) and compression molded to study how the size reduction of the cellulose fibers affected the mechanical properties of biocomposites. The results showed that the E-modulus improved from 0.4 GPa of the neat HEC to 1.6 GPa for the composite with 40 wt% CF. Interestingly, the tensile strength of CF-HEC biocomposite with 40 wt% confirmed a clear improvement from 9.8 to 26.6 MPa, confirming good interaction between HEC and CF.
K. Oksman (&) Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (MIE), University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada e-mail: [email protected]
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Cellulose
Graphic abstract Preparation (mixing, TSE, and hot-pressing) and characterization (FE-SEM, rheometry, and tensile test) of CF-HEC biocomposite
Keywords Twin-screw extrusion (TSE) Defibrillation Cellulose fiber (CF) Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HE
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