Optimization of Supports in Bifunctional Supported Pt Catalysts for Polystyrene Hydrocracking to Liquid Fuels
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Optimization of Supports in Bifunctional Supported Pt Catalysts for Polystyrene Hydrocracking to Liquid Fuels M. Pilar González‑Marcos1 · Edwin G. Fuentes‑Ordóñez1,2 · Joseba A. Salbidegoitia1 · Juan R. González‑Velasco1 Accepted: 10 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A series of bifunctional platinum catalysts were prepared, supported on alumina or different zeolites, some of which were submitted to either desilication or dealumination in order to modify their acidic properties. The catalysts were characterized for their structural and textural properties, their acidic properties, including distribution of acid strength and Brønsted and Lewis acidity, their metallic properties, and used in the hydrocracking of polystyrene under kinetic control, where activity in end-of-chain scission and random scission of the polymer has been quantified as well as the distribution of products. Activation energies and pre-exponential factors have been calculated from the kinetic data, and analyzed in terms of compensation effect, in order to extract conclusions on activity, active centers and reaction pathways. Finally, activation energies, both of end-of-chain and random scissions, yield to gasoline fraction and percentage of aromatics in the gasoline fraction have been correlated with catalytic properties in order to extract conclusions on the major catalytic properties affecting catalytic performance in this process, from the point of view of catalytic design. Keywords Bifunctional catalysts · Zeolites · Hydrocracking · Depolymerization · Waste recycling · Liquid fuels
1 Introduction Worldwide production and demand of plastics is continuously increasing, as a consequence of their favorable physicochemical properties for many applications. According to the Association of Plastic Manufacturers in Europe [1], worldwide production of plastics amounted to 359 Mt in 2018. Packaging represents the majority end-use market (around 40% in Europe), which means a short life service and quick transformation in plastic wastes. Plastic waste management includes reducing, reusing, recycling and recovering [2, 3], with the objective to minimize landfilling. At present, in Europe, about 25% of plastic
* M. Pilar González‑Marcos [email protected] 1
Chemical Technologies for Environmental Sustainability Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
Present Address: Nanomaterials and Computer Aided Process Engineering Research Group (NIPAC), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Cartagena, Bolivar, Colombia
2
post-consumer collected waste is still landfilled, which means 7.2 Mt of plastics, although landfilling has decreased by 44% since 2006 in favor of recycling and energy recovery [1]. Recycling, including hydrocracking, involves waste degradation to obtain monomers, specific chemicals or hydrocarbon mixtur
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