Pollinator emerging from extensive green roofs: wild bees (Hymenoptera, Antophila) and hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae) i
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Pollinator emerging from extensive green roofs: wild bees (Hymenoptera, Antophila) and hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae) in Geneva (Switzerland) Aurelia Passaseo 1,2 & Gaël Pétremand 2,3 & Sophie Rochefort 4 & Emmanuel Castella 2
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract By the end of 2020, 75% of the Swiss population will live in cities. The urban densification will result in habitat and biodiversity loss. One solution to mitigate this loss in urban environments is the implementation of green roofs that are now recognised as a tool for the maintenance of epigeal and aerial arthropods. Green roofs can provide various services such as pollination and food supply for insects and various arthropods (e.g. arachnids) and animals (e.g. birds). The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity of pollinating insects emerging from urban green roofs. Wild bees (Hymenoptera) and hoverflies (Diptera) were sampled using emergence traps on six extensive green roofs in the urban area of Geneva (Switzerland), from March to August 2017. Five species of wild bees and two species of hoverflies were identified: Lasioglossum morio (Halictidae) and Sphaerophoria scripta (Syrphidae) are the only two species considered as emerging from green roofs in our study. Ecological traits of these two species indicated generalists, well adapted to xero-thermophilic conditions. Keywords Green roofs . Pollinators . Urban habitat . Functional traits . Biodiversity . Urban ecology . Urban green . Emergence trap
Introduction Numerous studies have shown that green roofs are visited by different arthropod taxa such as Acari (Kadas 2010), arachnids (Brenneisen and Hänggi 2006; Madre et al. 2013) and ground beetles (Tonietto et al. 2011; Pétremand et al. 2018a, 2018b; Passaseo et al. submitted), but few studies have demonstrated that those structures can serve as habitats (i.e. can accommodate all life stages) for arthropods, and particularly for flying arthropods. Along with Great Britain, Germany and Canada,
* Aurelia Passaseo [email protected] 1
Federal Office for Agriculture, FOAG, Schwarzenburgstrasse 165, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland
2
Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva & Institute for Environmental Sciences, 66 Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
3
Route des Plaines-du-Loup 21, CH-1018 Lausanne, Switzerland
4
University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, HEPIA, Research Institute Land Nature and Environment, route de Presinge 150, CH-1254 Jussy, Switzerland
Switzerland is particularly active in the construction and promotion of green roofs. The canton of Basel-Stadt is the first to have legislated in this direction. According to the Building and Planning Act of this canton (BPG §72), each roof must be covered with vegetation. As a result, 15% of flat roofs are now vegetated (Allée and Pattyn n.d.). In comparison, in the canton of Geneva, approximately 365 green roofs were identified (Massy et al. 2011) but neith
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