Polyester resins based on soybean oil: synthesis and characterization
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Polyester resins based on soybean oil: synthesis and characterization Kamal I. Aly 1 & Jingjiang Sun 2 & Dirk Kuckling 2 & Osama Younis 3 Received: 28 February 2020 / Accepted: 3 June 2020 # The Polymer Society, Taipei 2020
Abstract Discovering renewable energy resources is receiving increased attention both in industrial and academic research. Vegetable oils are a promising route to renewable chemicals and polymers due to their ready availability, inherent biodegradability, and low toxicity. Also, bio-renewable fuels have been prepared from vegetable oils. Here, the soy oil monoglyceride has been obtained from the soybean oil by alcoholysis, and its structure was confirmed by the spectral analyses. To increase the yield of the monoglyceride formation and to prevent the ester interchange reversible reaction, we found that rapid cooling of the mixture with high-speed stirring allowed the best yield of soy oil monoglyceride. Then, three new polyester resins have been synthesized by the reaction of the monoglyceride with phthalic and/or maleic anhydrides with different ratios. The synthesized resins have been characterized by spectral analyses, and their morphological and physico-chemical properties such as acid value, iodine value, volatile matter content, and viscosity have been studied. The three polyester resins were soluble in common organic solvents. The effect of phthalic and maleic anhydrides ratio on the physical and chemical properties of the resin was also studied. The incorporation of maleic anhydride decreases the iodine value of the resins compared to phthalic anhydride-based resin. Keywords Polyester resins . Soybean oil . Morphological behavior
Introduction With the continuous decrease of fossil oils, a dramatic increase in the oil price, and environmental considerations, developing polymeric materials from renewable resources is highly needed [1]. Moreover, because of the concerns of environmental sustainability, the utilization of renewable resources of energy and material applications is receiving increased attention both in academic research and industry [2–4]. Nowadays, most commercially available polymers are derived from non-renewable resources and account for Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-020-02244-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Kamal I. Aly [email protected] 1
Polymer Research Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
2
Department Chemie, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Str. 100, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
3
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, El-Kharja 72511, Egypt
approximately 7% of the used worldwide oil and gas [3]. Vegetable oils represent another promising route to the renewable chemicals and polymers due to their ready availability, inherent biodegradability, and low toxicity. In the last years, the annual production of the worldwide vegetable oil has increased fro
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