Population structure of the ornate goby, Istigobius ornatus (Teleostei: Gobiidae), in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea as d
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Population structure of the ornate goby, Istigobius ornatus (Teleostei: Gobiidae), in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea as determined by otolith shape variation using ShapeR Reza Sadeghi & Hamid Reza Esmaeili Bettina Reichenbacher
& Fatah Zarei &
Received: 28 April 2020 / Accepted: 21 July 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Otolith shape variation in the Ornate goby, Istigobius ornatus (Teleostei: Gobiidae), collected along the intertidal coasts of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, was analysed using Wavelet transform technique in the ShapeR package to determine population differentiation and structure. There were significant differences (P < 0.001, ANOVA) among geographically distant populations based on the variation in the anterior and posterior otolith rims. However, otolith shapes of neighbouring populations were more similar to each other (P > 0.01). Mantel test showed a positive correlation between the Euclidean distance of otolith shape and geographical distances among populations (r = 0.93, P < 0.002). This indicates that levels in otolith shape resemblance between populations are dependent on geographic distance. Different scenarios are discussed to explain the pattern of otolith shape variation and population structure. Among possible key mechanisms responsible for population differentiations are isolation by distance, Late Pleistocene sea level fluctuations, and R. Sadeghi : H. R. Esmaeili : F. Zarei Ichthyology Research Laboratory, Zoology Section, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran H. R. Esmaeili (*) : B. Reichenbacher Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany e-mail: [email protected] B. Reichenbacher GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
ecological and geographical differences between the studied locations. This study highlights otolith shape efficiency as an exceptionally convenient morphological marker to study intraspecific-level evolutionary and contemporary phenomena in marine fish. Keywords Gobies . Otolith morphology . Discrete wavelet transform . Population discrimination . ShapeR
Introduction Characterizing intraspecific variation is highly important to understand distributional range, migration behavior, ecology, systematics and genealogy of a species (Bohlen 2008; Libungan et al. 2015a). Many fish species show considerable intraspecific variation in their morphology, both among and within populations, which often is environmentally induced or behaviorally influenced (Turan 2006; Kocovsky et al. 2013). Otoliths are hard structures, functionally associated with hearing and the sense of balance (Popper and Coombs 1982; Ramcharitar et al. 2006; SchulzMirbach et al. 2019), acoustic communication (Popper and Lu 2000; Cruz and Lombarte 2004), feeding strategy (Lombarte et al. 2010), swimming (Volpedo and Echeverría 2003; Volpedo et al. 2008) and spatial distribution (Gauldie and Crampton 2002; Lombarte and Cruz 2007; Sadighzadeh et al. 2
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