Potential for the Biodegradation of Atrazine Using Leaf Litter Fungi from a Subtropical Protection Area
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Potential for the Biodegradation of Atrazine Using Leaf Litter Fungi from a Subtropical Protection Area Samantha Beatríz Esparza‑Naranjo1 · Gessyca Fernanda da Silva1 · Diana Carolina Duque‑Castaño2 · Welington Luiz Araújo2 · Cleto Kaveski Peres1 · Marcela Boroski1 · Rafaella Costa Bonugli‑Santos1 Received: 31 March 2020 / Accepted: 7 November 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The intense use of pesticides in agricultural activities for the last several decades has caused contamination of the ecosystems connected with crop fields. Despite the well-documented occurrence of pesticide biodegradation by microbes, natural attenuation of atrazine (ATZ), and its effects on ecological processes in subtropical forested areas, such as Iguaçu National Park located in Brazil, has been poorly investigated. Subtropical environments sustain a great degree of fungal biodiversity, and the patterns and roles of these organisms should be better understood. This work aimed to evaluate nine ligninolyticproducer fungi isolated from the INP edge to degrade and detoxify ATZ solutions. ATZ degradation and the main metabolites produced, including deisopropylatrazine and deethylatrazine (DEA), were analyzed using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Four fungi were able to degrade ATZ to DEA, and the other five showed potential to grow and facilitate ATZ biodegradation. Furthermore, two strains of Fusarium spp. showed an enhanced potential for detoxification according to the Allium cepa (onion) test. Although the isolates produced ligninolytic enzymes, no ligninolytic activity was observed in the biodegradation of ATZ, a feature with ecological significance. In conclusion, Ascomycota fungi from the INP edge can degrade and detoxify ATZ in solution. Increasing the knowledge of biodiversity in subtropical protected areas, such as ecosystem services provided by microbes, enhances ecosystem conservation.
Introduction Current indiscriminate use of pesticides in agriculture has caused many applied products to remain and disseminate within soil, surface water, and groundwater of associated ecosystems, endangering the health of microorganisms, plants, animals, and human beings [1]. Although Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-020-02288-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Rafaella Costa Bonugli‑Santos [email protected] 1
Interdisciplinary Center of Life Sciences (CICV), Institute Latin American of Nature and Life Sciences (ILACNV), Federal University of Latin American Integration (UNILA), 1000 Tarquínio Joslin dos Santos Av., Jardim Universitário, Foz do Iguaçu, PR 85870‑901, Brazil
Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo (USP), 1374 Prof. Lineu Prestes Av., Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508‑900, Brazil
2
the environmental and human impact of atrazine (ATZ) has been
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