Exploring the potential of halotolerant bacteria for biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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RESEARCH PAPER
Exploring the potential of halotolerant bacteria for biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Dunia A. Al Farraj1 · Tony Hadibarata2 · Adhi Yuniarto3 · Roua M. Alkufeidy1 · Maryam K. Alshammari1 · Achmad Syafiuddin4 Received: 7 June 2020 / Accepted: 22 July 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The present study aimed to determine the degradation and transformation of three-ring PAHs phenanthrene and anthracene by Cryptococcus sp. MR22 and Halomonas sp. BR04 under halophilic conditions. The growth progress of Cryptococcus sp. MR22 and Halomonas sp. BR04 on anthracene and phenanthrene was monitored by colony-forming unit (CFU) technique. The growth of the bacteria was maintained at a maximum concentration of 200 mg/L of all tested hydrocarbon, indicating that Cryptococcus sp. MR22 and Halomonas sp. BR04 significantly perform in the removal of the PAH-contaminated medium at low concentrations. The fit model to represent the biodegradation kinetics of both PAHs was first-order rate equation The extract prepared from cells supplemented with three different substrates exhibited some enzymes such as hydroxylase, dioxygenase, laccase and peroxidase. The results suggest that both strains had an impressive ability in the degradation of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon but also could tolerate in the extreme salinity condition. Keywords Halotolerant bacterial · Cryptococcus sp. MR22 · Halomonas sp. BR04 · Metabolites · Phenanthrene
Introduction PAHs are environmentally recalcitrant pollutants produced from naturally or incomplete combustion of organic materials. PAHs are tough to degrade because they are hydrophobic and reported as mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic compounds. Their toxicity and persistence also increase with
* Tony Hadibarata [email protected] Dunia A. Al Farraj [email protected] 1
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
3
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geo‑Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
4
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java 60237, Indonesia
their size and number of aromatic rings. The saline aquatic ecosystem was regularly polluted with organic compounds due to massive industrial activity [1]. Effective remediation strategies are required to eliminate PAHs in the environment, especially saline aquatic ecosystems, due to their increased production from anthropogenic sources [2]. Many physical and chemical treatment has been recommended to eliminate organic pollutant from the environment, such as oxidation, chemical decomposition, ion exchange, ozone, landfilling, solvent extraction and incineration. However, these treatments a
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