Prediction of Potential Distribution and Climatic Factors Influencing Garcinia indica in the Western Ghats of India Usin
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Prediction of Potential Distribution and Climatic Factors Influencing Garcinia indica in the Western Ghats of India Using Ecological Niche Modeling Rutuja S. Palkar1
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Malapati K. Janarthanam1
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Krishnan Sellappan1
Received: 1 May 2018 / Revised: 20 November 2018 / Accepted: 21 January 2020 The National Academy of Sciences, India 2020
Abstract Garcinia indica is endemic to Western Ghats of India and belongs to the family Clusiaceae. It has antiobesity, antioxidant, anticancer and other high potential medicinal values. Considering the importance and threat of overexploitation of G. indica, the prediction of potential distribution and understanding the climatic factors responsible for the niche of the species in wild including areas for its cultivation have been worked out based on primary occurrence data. Ecological niche modeling has been carried out using MaxEnt and BIOCLIM algorithms. Among them, MaxEnt performed better as compared to BIOCLIM model with high AUC value. However, predictions by both models were found to be almost similar. The prediction revealed that the species habitat suitability is in the Konkan regions of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka. The precipitation and temperature are the major factors defining the distribution of the species. As this species is commercially exploited, the outcome of present study will help in large-scale cultivation and sustainable utilization of the species. Keywords DIVA-GIS ENM Garcinia indica MaxEnt
& Krishnan Sellappan [email protected] Rutuja S. Palkar [email protected] Malapati K. Janarthanam [email protected] 1
Department of Botany, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa 403206, India
The genus Garcinia L. belonging to the family Clusiaceae contains about 260 species worldwide predominantly distributed in tropics of the Old World especially in Asia and Africa [1]. Garcinia indica is one of the most important species in the genus because of its medicinal and economic value. It is a slender, dioecious tree with blackish tree trunk showing drooping branches (Fig. 1) distributed in forests of Western Ghats of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. It is also cultivated predominantly in the states of Goa, Karnataka and Maharashtra covering the entire Konkan region for commercial purpose and plant is popularly known as ‘‘kokum’’ in the region. The fruits and leaves of the species contain hydroxycitric acid (HCA), garcinol, polyphenols, several acids and other phytochemical compounds [2, 3]. Due to the presence of these compounds, it has pharmaceutical values. These compounds possess many biological activities such as antiobesity (fat-reducing agent), anti-cancerous, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and anti-Alzheimer’s activity [4]. The seeds of kokum fruit yield edible fats known as ‘‘kokum butter’’ which is used in the manufacture of soaps, candles, ointments and several cosmetics. Fruit is popularly used as condiments for flavoring vegetarian as well as non-vege
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