Prevalence of iron deficiency and related factors in Spanish adolescents
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Prevalence of iron deficiency and related factors in Spanish adolescents María Mercedes Ibáñez-Alcalde 1 & María Ángeles Vázquez-López 2 & Encarnación López-Ruzafa 2 & Francisco Javier Lendínez-Molinos 2 & Antonio Bonillo-Perales 2 & Tesifón Parrón-Carreño 3 Received: 7 October 2019 / Revised: 12 April 2020 / Accepted: 15 April 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Iron deficiency anaemia continues to be the world’s most important cause of years lived with disability in children and adolescents. Assessment of iron deficiency traditionally depended on laboratory parameters that may be modified by inflammation states, including obesity, which is nowadays a current condition in adolescent population of high-income countries. The present study ascertains the prevalence of iron deficiency and its related factors in adolescents, using the serum transferrin receptor and the reticulocyte haemoglobin content, in order to avoid this confusing effect of classical parameters. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a population-based representative sample for teenagers in Almería (Spain), of 405 subjects aged 12 to 16 years. Iron deficiency was present in 13.3% of adolescents, but iron deficiency anaemia only in 1.2%. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that being part of an immigrant family, a low iron bioavailability diet, meat consumption below four times a week and fish consumption below twice a week, were independent risk factors for iron deficiency. Conclusion: This study provides an estimate iron deficiency prevalence of 13.3% in Spanish healthy adolescents, avoiding potential confounding factors through the use of new iron status parameters, based on a wide representative sample of adolescents from the city of Almería. What is Known: • For children and adolescents, iron deficiency anaemia continues to be the world’s most important cause of years lived with disability. • Assessment of iron deficiency has traditionally depended on laboratory parameters that may be modified by inflammatory states, including obesity. What is New: • Iron deficiency prevalence and their related factors were analysed in Spanish adolescents, avoiding potential confounding factors through the use of sTfR and CHr. • Being part of an immigrant family and consuming a low iron bioavailability diet are independent risk factors for iron deficiency.
Keywords Iron deficiency . Adolescence . Obesity . Serum transferrin receptor . Reticulocyte haemoglobin content Abbreviations BMI Body mass index
CHr CI
Reticulocyte haemoglobin content Confidence intervals
Communicated by Gregorio Paolo Milani * María Mercedes Ibáñez-Alcalde [email protected] María Ángeles Vázquez-López [email protected] Encarnación López-Ruzafa [email protected]
Tesifón Parrón-Carreño [email protected]
1
Department of Pediatrics, Poniente Hospital, Avenida Almerimar s/n., El Ejido, 04700 Almería, Spain
2
Department of Pediatrics, Torrecárdenas Hospital, Paraje Torrecárdenas
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