Proceedings of the Third UN/ESA/NASA Workshop on the International Heliophysical Year 2007 and Basic Space Science

This book represents Volume II of the Proceedings of the UN/ESA/NASA Workshop on the International Heliophysical Year 2007 and Basic Space Science, hosted by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo, 18 - 22 June, 2007. It covers two programm

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H.J. Haubold A.M. Mathai Editors

Proceedings of the Third UN/ESA/NASA Workshop on the International Heliophysical Year 2007 and Basic Space Science First Kodai-Trieste Workshop on Plasma Astrophysics held in Kodaikanal, National Astronomical Observatory India, August 27–September 7, 2007of Japan

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Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings

Proceedings of the Third UN/ESA/NASA Workshop on the International Heliophysical Year 2007 and Basic Space Science National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

H.J. Haubold Editor United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), Austria

A.M. Mathai Editor McGill University Dept. Mathematics & Statistics, Canada

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Editors Prof. Dr. H.J. Haubold United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) Vienna International Centre Wagramer Str. 5 1400 Wien Austria [email protected]

Prof. Dr. A.M. Mathai McGill University Dept. Mathematics & Statistics 805 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal QC H3A 2K6 Canada [email protected]

ISSN 1570-6591 e-ISSN 1570-6605 ISBN 978-3-642-03323-0 e-ISBN 978-3-642-03325-4 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-03325-4 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009933994 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010  This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: eStudio Calamar S.L. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface to the Proceedings of the UN/ESA/NASA Workshop

From 6 to 15 June 2007, the Committee of the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) held its fiftieth session in Vienna, Austria, marking the important convergence of anniversaries, including the 50th anniversary of the space age, the 40th anniversary of the enforcement of the Outer Space Treaty and the celebration of International Heliophysical Year 2007 (IHY 2007). COPUOS, which is the only permanent UN body that deals exclusively with peaceful uses of outer space, was established in 1958 as an ad hoc committee by the UN General Assembly resolution 1348, which noted the success of the scientific co-operative programme of the International Geophysical Year (IGY 1957) in the exploration of outer space and decided to continue and expand this type of cooperation. In 1959, the Comm