Prostate specific antigen test uptake: a cross sectional study on elderly men in Western Iran
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Prostate specific antigen test uptake: a cross sectional study on elderly men in Western Iran Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh1, Farzad Jalilian2*, Laleh Solaimanizadeh3, Abdollah Saadatfar4, Shima Khashij1, Razieh Pirouzeh1 and Farzaneh Solaimanizadeh5
Abstract Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common malignancy in men worldwide and the incidence rate of PCa has been increasing in recent years. The aim of the current study was to determine beliefs elderly men towards prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test uptake. Methods: This cross-sectional study conducted among 352 elderly men (60–74 years old age) in the west of Iran. The Health Belief Model (HBM) was applied as a study framework to evaluation of beliefs towards PSA test uptake. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16 using appropriate statistical tests including t-test, chi-square, bivariate correlations, and logistic regression at 95% significant level. Result: The mean age of participants was 65.55 years [SD: 3.90]. Almost 16.9% of the elderly men had uptake PSA during last year. There was significant association between PSA test uptake with older age (P = 0.013), better economic status (P = 0.023), higher education level (P = 0.004), positive family history of prostate cancer (P = 0.018), and number of family members more than four (P = 0.032). The best determinants predictors for PSA test uptake were cues to action [OR: 1.967 and 95% CI: 1.546, 2.504], perceived severity [OR: 1.140 and 95% CI: 1.008, 1.290], and perceived benefits towards PSA test uptake [OR: 1.133 and 95% CI: 1.024, 1.253]. Conclusions: It seems that development of health promotion programs to increase cues to action and positive beliefs toward PSA test uptake and also perceived treat about side effect of PCa could be beneficial to increase PSA test uptake. Keywords: Prostate specific antigen test, Elderly, Benefits, Cues to action, Iran
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common malignancy in men worldwide, counting 1,276,106 new cases and causing 358,989 deaths (3.8% of all deaths caused by cancer in men) in 2018 [1]. The incidence rate of this cancer has been increasing in recent years [2]. The growing rate of PCa cases has also been evident in * Correspondence: [email protected] 2 Lifestyle Modification Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Iran for the last 10 years [3]. Despite major differences in the incidence rate of this malady, PCa could mainly be considered as an illness related to men who are older than 65 years since more than 75% of its new cases are diagnosed in men older than 65 years [4]. However, other causes include racial differences, genetic and environmental factors, family history, hormonal changes related to aging, poor nutrition (especially consuming monounsaturated fats), smoking or alcohol consumption [5]. Availability and access to diagnostic and health-care services as well
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