Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the smartphone addiction inventory (SPAI)
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Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the smartphone addiction inventory (SPAI) Ibrahim Arpaci 1
&
Necmi Esgi 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract This study aimed at contributing to the literature by adaptation and validation of the Turkish version of the BSmartphone Addiction Inventory^ (SPAI). The psychometric properties of the inventory were evaluated through the data obtained from 330 undergraduate students. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was employed to validate the inventory. The results confirmed the four dimensional structure with a Cronbach’s α value of .93 for the inventory as a whole, thus suggested a good internal consistency. Further, the CFA results suggested that correlations between the four constructs and their 26 items were valid. Thus, it is important to note that Turkish version of the SPAI adapted in this study is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring smartphone addiction in Turkey. Keywords Smartphone addiction . SPAI . Turkish . Validation
Introduction Addiction is a disorder that involves withdrawal, tolerance, and dependence symptoms accompanied by time management and social problems (O’Brien 2011; Holden 2001). The term involves both chemical dependencies resulting from addiction to drugs or substances of abuse and behavioral addictions such as internet, technology, gambling, and gaming addiction (Young 1998). Similar to the internet addiction, which has been categorized as a Bsubstance related and addictive disorder^ in DSM-5, smartphone addiction can be regarded as a form of behavioral addiction (Griffiths 1996). Bock et al. (2016) developed an instrument to identify key factors associated with mobile phone use. They found that mobile phone addiction and anxious attachment are correlated with impulsivity and depression. In a similar study, Arpaci et al. (2017) investigated the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationships among nomophobia and attachment styles. The results suggested significant and
* Ibrahim Arpaci [email protected] Necmi Esgi [email protected] 1
Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technology, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
positive relationships between nomophobia and avoidant/ anxious attachment styles. In another study, Arpaci (2017) reported a significant correlation between horizontal collectivism and nomophobia. Kim et al. (2014a, b) investigated the effects of impulsivity, resilience, and depression on smartphone addiction. Their results suggested that impulsivity has a significant impact on the smartphone addiction among university students. Lee et al. (2017) proposed a theoretical model in order to explain effects of anxiety in social interaction and materialism on the self-expressive and utilitarian benefits of smartphones. The study proposed locus of control as a moderator between the smartphone addiction and benefits. The study analyzed the model using structural equation modelling (SEM) based on data collected from Japan, South Korea,
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