Redox-active polymers (redoxmers) for electrochemical energy storage
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Redox-active polymers (redoxmers) for electrochemical energy storage Mengxi Yang†, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA; Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA Kewei Liu† and Ilya A. Shkrob, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA Chen Liao, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA; Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA Address all correspondence to Chen Liao at [email protected] (Received 19 July 2019; accepted 28 August 2019)
Abstract Polymer redox-active materials (redoxmers) have numerous applications in the emerging electrochemical energy storage systems due to their structural versatility, fast-cycling ability, high theoretical capacity as electrode materials, sustainability, and recyclability. This review examines recent developments in improving the cycling performance of such materials and provides a vista on the future research directions.
Introduction Energy consumption is increasing as the world economy grows. Based on the US Energy Information Administration’s outlook from 2018, it is estimated that the global consumption will increase from 610 Quads (1015 British thermal units) in 2020 to 739 Quads in 2040.[1] Fossil fuels will remain the main energy resources in the coming decades. Currently, about two-thirds of the oil is used in transportation, and the climate change due to such massive CO2 emissions can lead to economic and political turmoil.[2] Renewable energy sources, such as wind, tide, and solar, provide a less hazardous alternative; however, due to their intermittent nature, electrochemical energy storage systems (EESs) are needed to match the energy supply and demand over time. Such energy storage systems are already affecting our daily lives, and the systems with increased energy density and lower costs are in great demand. The EES systems can be divided into two categories based on their applications: transportation energy storage and grid energy storage. Due to similar materials selection criteria, the research in transportation energy storage is mainly limited to concepts and chemistries that are already established in the industry, such as the LiCoO2/graphite chemistry for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Since its commercialization in 1991 by SONY, LiCoO2 (LCO) is still the most common cathode material found in consumer electronics. Since cobalt is relatively expensive and crustally scarce, the US Department of Energy has funded research projects to explore a sustainable and affordable alternative to the cobalt oxide cathodes, as the immense scale of grid storage makes reliance on unsustainable † Both authors contributed equally.
and expensive materials problematic. Few materials can compete with organic materials in the affordability; hence, there is a surging interest in substituting inorganic el
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