Relations of Counterface Hardness with Wear Behavior and Tribo-Oxide Layer of AISI H13 Steel
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FOR a given sliding system, the wear loss of sliding materials is a function of the normal force, their relative velocity, their initial temperature, and the thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties of the sliding materials.[1] This means that the wear behavior depends on various sliding conditions as well as the properties of sliding and counterface materials. The effects of sliding conditions and properties or microstructures of sliding material on the wear behavior and mechanism have been well documented.[2–12] However, the research on the effect of counterface material properties is relatively less.[13–17] Early in 1956, Archard and Hirst proposed an empirical formula, V = kLS/H, where V is the wear volume, k is the wear coefficient (constant), L is the sliding distance, S is the load, and H is the hardness of softer material for a sliding pair.[2] When other parameters are definite, the wear is inversely proportional to the hardness of softer material. Clearly, it was assumed that only the material properties of the softer body influence the wear behavior of contacting surfaces. In other words, Archard’s equation involves only the Q.Y. ZHANG, Y. ZHOU, and X.X. LI, Ph.D. Students, K.M. CHEN and X.H. CUI, Associate Professors, and S.Q. WANG, Professor, are with the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. Contact e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Manuscript submitted August 28, 2015. Article published online September 8, 2016 5960—VOLUME 47A, DECEMBER 2016
hardness of the softer body, without considering that of the harder one. The softer body has been taken as the only property of sliding bodies to predict the wear behavior of the tribological system for a long time.[16] However, different views were put forward afterward. Bian et al. studied the unlubricated sliding wear of steels and explored the role of the hardness of the friction pair.[13] They considered that the wear rate of a pin depended mainly on the hardness of the counterface and showed very little if any dependence on its own hardness. They supposed that the wear rate of a pin was determined by the properties of tribolayer—a hot, heavily deformed mixture that bears little relationship to the original quenched-and-tempered structure, but on the hardness of the counter surface. However, Akagaki and Rigney considered that the properties of both sliding and counterface materials would affect the wear behavior.[14] They established an Hd/Hp value (a hardness ratio of counterface disk to sliding pin) as a critical factor to determine the mild-severe wear transition. When the range of hardness ratio Hd/Hp after the test included values below about 1.0, severe wear occurred. When it included only values above about 1.0, mild wear occurred. For the initial hardness ratio Hd/Hp > 1, the critical distance was longer for a larger initial hardness ratio. Via´fara and Sinatora studied the influence of hardness of the harder body on the wear regime transition in a sliding pair of steels.[15]
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