Report on ICT in Education in Hungary
Hungary is located in Central Europe with an area of 93,000 km2. Budapest is the largest city in the country; it is also the capital. According to the latest census, the current population was 9,804,000 in 2016. Since 2011, the population had decreased by
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Report on ICT in Education in Hungary Gyöngyvér Molnár, Edit Katalin Molnár, Katinka Dancs, and Ben˝o Csapó
9.1 Overview of the Country 9.1.1 Geography and Population Hungary is located in Central Europe with an area of 93,000 km2 . Budapest is the largest city in the country; it is also the capital. According to the latest census, the current population was 9,804,000 in 2016. Since 2011, the population had decreased by 134,000. The younger, active population dropped the most in the last decade: in 2016, there were 26,000 fewer children and 144,000 more 65-year-olds and older in the country than in 2011. Hungary is an ethnically homogeneous country; the largest minority groups are the Romani people (3.1%) and Germans (1.3%). More than half of Hungarians are Roman Catholic (52.9%; Census Report 2011, 2016).
9.1.2 History After World War II, Hungary became part of the socialist bloc. The year 1956 saw a revolution and war of independence in the country, but this was crushed through G. Molnár (B) · E. K. Molnár · K. Dancs · B. Csapó Institute of Education, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary e-mail: [email protected] E. K. Molnár e-mail: [email protected] K. Dancs e-mail: [email protected] B. Csapó e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 D. Liu et al. (eds.), Comparative Analysis of ICT in Education Between China and Central and Eastern European Countries, Lecture Notes in Educational Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6879-4_9
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Soviet intervention. A tranquil period started in the 1960s and 70s, the economy was centrally planned, but the standard of living and relative political freedom were better than in other socialist countries. In return, society withdrew into passivity and did not question the political system. Finally, the weakening of the socialist bloc led to a regime change and the proclamation of the republic in 1989 (Cartledge 2011). The democratization process resulted in more opportunities and political pluralism. Hungary became a parliamentary democracy, where the national assembly wields legislative power and the president is the head of state. Hungary joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004, similarly to other post-socialist countries.
9.1.3 The Status Quo of Social and Cultural Development An aging population and the decreasing birth rate are the most urgent problems in Hungarian society. Hungarian citizens are among the most passive in Europe; they are less likely to vote in an election or to volunteer (Domokos 2013; Oross 2013, Róbert et al. 2016; Somlai 2010). Average life expectancy is 75.7 years, and the rate of unemployment is 5.1% (OECD 2017a). An average Hungarian spends 15.6 years in school, and 73% of the population enjoys internet access. In 2017, based on life expectancy, schooling, and the standard of living, Hungary had the 43rd highest Human Development Index among 188 countries (Human Development Report 2016; Human Development Indices and Indicators 2018). The general char
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