Review on the design and optimization of hydrogen liquefaction processes
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Liang YIN, Yonglin JU
Review on the design and optimization of hydrogen liquefaction processes
© Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract The key technologies of liquefied hydrogen have been developing rapidly due to its prospective energy exchange effectiveness, zero emissions, and long distance and economic transportation. However, hydrogen liquefaction is one of the most energy-intensive industrial processes. A small reduction in energy consumption and an improvement in efficiency may decrease the operating cost of the entire process. In this paper, the detailed progress of design and optimization for hydrogen liquefaction in recent years are summarized. Then, based on the refrigeration cycles, the hydrogen liquefaction processes are divided into two parts, namely precooled liquefaction process and cascade liquefaction process. Among the existing technologies, the SEC of most hydrogen liquefaction processes is limited in the range of 5–8 kWh/kgLH2 (LH2: liquid hydrogen). The exergy efficiencies of processes are around 40% to 60%. Finally, several future improvements for hydrogen liquefaction process design and optimization are proposed. The mixed refrigerants (MRs) as the working fluids of the process and the combination of the traditional hydrogen liquefaction process with the renewable energy technology will be the great prospects for development in near future. Keywords hydrogen liquefaction, energy consumption, efficiency, optimization
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Introduction
As an energy carrier and the most plentiful element on Earth, hydrogen is primarily derived from water and can address issues of sustainability, environmental emissions, and energy security [1]. The demand for liquid hydrogen Received Jun. 15, 2019; accepted Sept. 26, 2019; online Dec. 25, 2019
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Liang YIN, Yonglin JU ( ) Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China E-mail: [email protected]
(LH2), particularly driven by clean fuel cell applications, is expected to have a rapid growth [2], and the number of hydrogen refueling stations in the world will also rise sharply in the near future, as shown in Table 1 [3]. In view of a mobility based on hydrogen, the distribution and storage of hydrogen as a liquid is one of the most feasible options in terms of energy density, technical, and economic perspectives [4]. In addition, the density of LH2 is much higher than gaseous hydrogen, resulting in higher energy content. In the coming decades, innovative energy supplies, advanced energy systems, and upgraded infrastructure will be needed to sustainably meet the increasing energy demands [5]. Hydrogen liquefaction processes will play indispensable roles in clean energy chain. Liquefaction of hydrogen is a cost-efficient way to store and transport large quantities of hydrogen over extended distances and can offer a low-pressure, high energy density fuel to be used in a variety of applications [6–8]. Hydrogen gas is liquefied when it is cooled down to
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