Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 208 Per
Atmospheric Perfluorinated Acid Precursors: Chemistry, Occurrence and Impacts by Cora J. Young and Scott A. Mabury.- Isomer Profiling of Perfluorinated Substances as a Tool for Source Tracking: A Review of Early Findings and Future Applications by Jonatha
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Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Perfluorinated Alkylated Substances Editor
David M. Whitacre Volume Editor
Pim de Voogt
Editorial Board Maria Fernanda Cavieres, Valparaiso, Chile • Charles P. Gerba, Tucson, Arizona, USA John Giesy, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada • O. Hutzinger, Bayreuth, Germany James B. Knaak, Getzville, New York, USA James T. Stevens, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA Ronald S. Tjeerdema, Davis, California, USA • Pim de Voogt, Amsterdam, The Netherlands George W. Ware, Tucson, Arizona, USA Founding Editor Francis A. Gunther
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Coordinating Board of Editors D R . DAVID M. W HITACRE, Editor Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 5115 Bunch Road Summerfield, North Carolina 27358, USA (336) 634-2131 (PHONE and FAX) E-mail: [email protected]
ISSN 0179-5953 ISBN 978-1-4419-6879-1 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-6880-7 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6880-7 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2010933783 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer soft-ware, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Special Foreword
Anthropogenic perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFASs) have recently gained in socio-economic and scientific interest. PFASs constitute an emerging group of environmental contaminants that possess physico-chemical as well as toxicological properties different from those of other halogenated compounds. PFASs are generally persistent in the environment and are detected in most parts of the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems over a broad concentration range. PFASs have been found around the globe in the blood of the general population, as well as in a suite of wildlife, including those even from pristine and remote areas. The findings of perfluorinated acids (PFAs) in remote areas, notably in the Arctic marine food chain, have spurred scientific research targeted at elucidating the origin and transport pathways of these substances. Two main sources for these contaminants have been proposed: atmospheric oxidation of volatile precursor compounds and long-range oceanic transport of directly emitted perfluorinated acids. Clear scientific evidence that favors one
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