Risk of resistance and cross-resistance development to selection with imidacloprid and level of heritability in Oxycaren
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Risk of resistance and cross-resistance development to selection with imidacloprid and level of heritability in Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae): a potential pest of cotton Mamuna Ijaz
&
Sarfraz Ali Shad
Received: 6 October 2019 / Accepted: 21 August 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Imidacloprid is a widely used neonicotinoid and provide successful control of different crop pests. Its excessive and frequent use nevertheless is leading to resistance in different insect pests across various geographical regions. In this study, we examined the risk of resistance development to imidacloprid, probability of cross-resistance and realized heritability (h 2 ) to imidacloprid, nitenpyram, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in a sucking cotton pest Oxycarenus hyalinipennis. After 19 generations of continuous selection with imidacloprid, 146-fold increase in resistance was observed against this insecticide and its realized heritability was 0.21. Imidacloprid resistance selection did not mediate any cross-resistance to cypermethrin but it induced a low level of cross-resistance to nitenpyram and chlorpyrifos. According to the estimated imidacloprid resistance heritability, 12 and 5 generations would be required for a 10-fold LC50 increase at 30% and 70% selection pressure, respectively. The observed lack of cross-resistance with cypermethrin suggests its rotational use with imidacloprid to slow down the imidacloprid resistance in O. hyalinipennis.
Keywords Risk assessment . Nitenpyram . Chlorpyrifos . Cypermethrin . Probability . Management M. Ijaz (*) : S. A. Shad (*) Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction Transgenic cotton has been cultivated over a large area due to its resistance against the bollworm complex (Arshad et al. 2011) and provides a number of benefits such as high yields, low production costs, a decrease in environmental contamination and insecticidal applications (Dhillon et al. 2011). However, transgenic cotton does not provide resistance against sucking insect pests (Hofs et al. 2004; Jeyakumar et al. 2008; Bala et al. 2019) except some thrip species (Bachman et al. 2017; Graham and Stewart 2018; Akbar et al. 2019). The dusky cotton bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) has become a cotton pest of economic importance. This insect also feeds on more than 40 plants species from Malvaceae (Sanghi et al. 2014; El-Rahim et al. 2015). Adults and nymphs cause both qualitative and quantitative damage by sucking the cell sap from leaves and oil from seeds (Akram et al. 2013; Atta et al. 2015). Severe infestation leads to reduction in seed viability, weight and oil contents (Srinivas and Patil 2010). Insecticides have become an important component of the world’s agriculture system to increase the yield and profitability by suppressing pest population pressure (Liu et al. 2001; Alexandrat
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