Safety of Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH) Thrombolysis Based on CT Localization of External Ventricular Drain (EVD) Fe
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Safety of Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH) Thrombolysis Based on CT Localization of External Ventricular Drain (EVD) Fenestrations and Analysis of EVD Tract Hemorrhage Daniel A. Jackson • Alden V. Patel • Robert M. Darracott • Ricardo A. Hanel William D. Freeman • Daniel F. Hanley
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Published online: 28 April 2012 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Abstract Background The purpose of the study is to review the CT findings associated with ventriculostomy placement in regards to the safety of an EVD plus recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) for IVH. Methods A retrospective review was conducted for patients receiving intraventricular rt-PA for IVH from January 2004 to September 2009. Safety was assessed by the presence of EVD tract hemorrhage by CT at baseline after EVD placement, worsening hemorrhage after rt-PA, and CSF infection. IVH volumetrics were assessed by the Le Roux score and outcomes by Glasgow Outcome Scale and modified Rankin Scale. Results Twenty-seven patients received rt-PA for IVH. Median dose was 2 mg (range 0.3–8) and a median of two doses (range 1–17) were given. Worsening EVD catheter tract hemorrhage after rt-PA was 46.7 %, with a significantly higher incidence of worsening tract hemorrhage seen with incorrectly placed EVDs (p = 0.04). IVH hematoma burden decreased by a median Le Roux score
D. A. Jackson A. V. Patel R. M. Darracott Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA R. A. Hanel Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA W. D. Freeman (&) Departments of Neurology and Critical Care, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA e-mail: [email protected] D. F. Hanley Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
of 10 (range 3–16) prior to rt-PA to 4 (range 0–16) after rt-PA. There were no central nervous system bacterial infections. Conclusion Intraventricular rt-PA appears to be relatively safe especially when all EVD fenestrations are within the ventricle and reduces IVH burden similar to other studies. We describe a CT-based EVD tract hemorrhage grading scale to evaluate EVD tract hemorrhage before and after thrombolysis, and a bone-window technique to evaluate EVD fenestrations prior to IVH thrombolysis. Further research is needed evaluating these imaging techniques in regard to intraventricular thrombolytic safety and EVD tract hemorrhage. Keywords Intracerebral hemorrhage Intraventricular hemorrhage Cerebrovascular disease Stroke Critical care
Introduction Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a neurological emergency that often results in poor outcomes for patients with high mortality rates if left untreated [1–5]. Mechanisms that play a role in the morbidity and mortality of IVH include elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP), ischemic encephalopathy from intracranial hypertension, hydrocephalus, and pro-inflammatory effects in response to the presence of blood in the ventricles [6–
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