Self-Reported Cognitive Functions Predict the Trajectory of Paranoid Ideation Over a 15-Year Prospective Follow-Up
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Self‑Reported Cognitive Functions Predict the Trajectory of Paranoid Ideation Over a 15‑Year Prospective Follow‑Up Aino I. L. Saarinen1,2 · Niklas Granö3 · Terho Lehtimäki4
© The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Background This study investigated whether self-reported cognitive functions (i.e. task orientation, distractibility, persistence, flexibility, and perseverance) predict the trajectory of paranoid ideation over a 15-year prospective follow-up in adulthood. Methods The participants came from the population-based Young Finns study (N = 1210‒1213). Paranoid ideation was assessed with the Paranoid Ideation Scale of the Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90R) in 1997, 2001, 2007, and 2012. Self-reported cognitive functions were evaluated in 1997 with the Task orientation, Distractibility, Persistence, and Flexibility scales of the DOTS-R (the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey) and the Perseverance scale of the FCB-TI (the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour – Temperament Inventory). The data was analyzed using growth curve models that were adjusted for age, sex, and socioeconomic factors in childhood and adulthood. Results Low self-reported task orientation, low persistence, high distractibility, low flexibility, and high perseverance predicted higher level of paranoid ideation over the 15-year follow-up. Conclusions Self-reported cognitive functions seem to predict paranoid ideation over a long-term follow-up. Promoting cognitive functions in early interventions may have long-term protective influences against the development of paranoid ideation in non-clinical populations. Keywords Paranoid ideation · Subclinical · Cognition · Cognitive functions · Every-day functioning · Longitudinal
Introduction
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10142-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Aino I. L. Saarinen [email protected] 1
Research Unit of Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
2
Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, P.O. Box 21, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
3
Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
4
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center‑Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
Paranoid ideation refers to an unjustified suspiciousness towards others so that others’ motives are supposed to be malevolent (APA 2013). Paranoid ideation can be regarded as a continuum, from mild and subclinical levels to severe paranoid ideation (e.g. Freeman et al. 2005; Freeman and Garety 2014; Van Os 2003). Mild paranoia includes, for example, transient and uncertain ideas about negative rumors circulating around the self (Freeman and Garety 2014). More severe paranoia, in turn, may refer to paranoid personality disorder that includes stable and convincing
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