Sensors and Sensor Networks
Sensors are essential devices in many industrial applications such as factory automation, digital appliances, aircraft/automotive applications, environmental monitoring, and system diagnostics. The main role of those sensors is to measure changes of physi
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Sensors and 20. Sensors and Sensor Networks
Sensors are essential devices in many industrial applications such as factory automation, digital appliances, aircraft/automotive applications, environmental monitoring, and system diagnostics. The main role of those sensors is to measure changes of physical quantities of surroundings. In general, sensors are embedded into sensory devices with a circuitry as a part of a system. In this chapter, various types of sensors and their working principles are briefly explained as well as their technical advancement to recent smart microsensors is introduced. Specifically, the individual sensor issue is also extended to emerging networked sensors and their applications from recent research activities. Through this chapter, readers can also understand how multisensors or networked sensors can be configured and how they can collaborate with each other to provide higher performance and reliability within networked sensor systems.
20.1 Sensors ................................................ 20.1.1 Sensing Principles ....................... 20.1.2 Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Sensors.............. 20.1.3 Miscellaneous Sensors ................. 20.1.4 Micro- and Nanosensors .............. 20.2 Sensor Networks ................................... 20.2.1 Sensor Network Systems............... 20.2.2 Multisensor Data Fusion Methods .. 20.2.3 Sensor Network Design Considerations ............................ 20.2.4 Sensor Network Architectures........ 20.2.5 Sensor Network Protocols ............. 20.2.6 Sensor Network Applications......... 20.3 Emerging Trends .................................. 20.3.1 Heterogeneous Sensors and Applications ......................... 20.3.2 Security...................................... 20.3.3 Appropriate Quality-of-Service (QoS) Model ................................ 20.3.4 Integration with Other Networks ...
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20.1 Sensors A sensor is an instrument that responds to a specific physical stimulus and produces a measurable corresponding electrical signal. A sensor can be mechanical, electrical, electromechanical, magnetic or optical. Any devices that are directly altered in a predictable, measurable way by changes in a real-world parameter can be a sensor for that parameter. Sensors have an important role in daily life because of the need to gather information and process it conveniently for specific tasks. Recent advances in microdevice technology, microfabrication, chemical processes, and digital signal processing have enabled the development of micro/nanosized, low-cost, and low-power sensors called microsensors. Microsensors have been successfully ap-
plied to many practical areas, including medical and space devices, military equipment, telecommunication, and manufacturing applications [20.1, 2]. When compared with conventional sensors, microsensors have certain advantages, such as interfering less with the environ
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