Sharp Triple-Notched Ultra Wideband Antenna with Gain Augmentation Using FSS for Ground Penetrating Radar
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Sharp Triple‑Notched Ultra Wideband Antenna with Gain Augmentation Using FSS for Ground Penetrating Radar Surajit Kundu1 · Ayan Chatterjee1 Accepted: 29 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A printed ultra-wideband antenna that provides wide bandwidth of 2.6–10.58 GHz, with sharp triple notches at 3.3–3.92, 5.1–5.4 and 5.68–6.02 GHz to eliminate the WiMAX and WLAN interferences, is proposed. Triple notches are implemented by embedding split ring shaped slot and unique circular split ring resonator pairs in the antenna. The antenna provides monopole like radiation patterns with gain variation of 2.5–5 dBi and average radiation efficiency of 86% in its pass band. Wide bandwidth of the antenna makes it well suited in low depth subsurface scanning ground penetrating radar (GPR) applications where better lateral resolution is desired. To improve the depth resolution, the antenna is integrated with reflective type frequency selective surfaces. Overall gain augmentation of 3 dBi with maximum gain increment of nearly 6 dBi at 5.5 GHz is achieved by adding the FSS. The antenna-FSS composite structure provides impedance band of 2.52–10.66 GHz with triple notches at 3.26–3.84, 5.1–5.38 and 5.66–5.95 GHz. Performance of the composite structure is evaluated in close proximity of sandy soil test bed by keeping thin aluminium sheet at the bottom of sand. Adequate VSWR, transfer function and group delay responses ensure the eligibility of proposed antenna to work for GPR. Keywords Ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna · Frequency notch · Frequency selective surface (FSS) · Gain augmentation · Ground penetrating radar (GPR)
1 Introduction Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is an electromagnetic subsurface reading tool that uses ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna for transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves in the medium of contact and to produce a 3-D pseudo image of the subsurface from the backscattered wave [1]. Compact and less dispersive bowtie antennas [2–4], high gain horn antennas [5], wideband Vivaldi [5, 6], Slot [7, 8] and frequency independent antennas [9] * Surajit Kundu [email protected] Ayan Chatterjee [email protected] 1
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Sikkim, South Sikkim, Ravangla 737139, India
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are traditionally used as GPR antenna. Low-gain profile and addition of ringing in the bowtie antenna performance restricts its suitability for GPR. Resistive and capacitive loadings are used in the bowtie antenna to reduce the ringing effect and to enhance bandwidth respectively [2, 3], however it affects antenna gain and radiation efficiency profile. Nonplanar structure, narrow band response of horn antennas and comparatively bigger profile Vivaldi antennas are serious concerns to use in GPR. Slot antennas and frequency independent antennas usually suffers from higher dispersion in the antenna characteristics. Intensive GPR study is performed now
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