Significant elevation of salivary human neutrophil peptides 1-3 levels by probiotic milk in preschool children with seve
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Significant elevation of salivary human neutrophil peptides 1-3 levels by probiotic milk in preschool children with severe early childhood caries: a randomized controlled trial Onnida Wattanarat 1,2 & Areerat Nirunsittirat 2,3 & Supatcharin Piwat 4,5 & Chanika Manmontri 1,2 & Rawee Teanpaisan 5,6 & Nuntiya Pahumunto 5,6 & Anupong Makeudom 2 & Thanapat Sastraruji 2 & Suttichai Krisanaprakornkit 2,7 Received: 7 July 2020 / Accepted: 23 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Objectives To determine salivary human neutrophil peptides 1-3 (HNP1-3) levels in caries-free preschool children and in those with early childhood caries (ECC) or severe-ECC, in a daily probiotic group, receiving reconstituted milk with the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei SD1 once daily; a triweekly probiotic group, receiving the probiotic milk 3 days a week; and a placebo group. Materials and methods Oral examination and unstimulated whole saliva collection were conducted in 354 children at baseline, 6 months after intervention (T6), and after probiotic discontinuation (T12). Of the 354, adequate volume of saliva samples from 268 children were simultaneously analyzed for Streptococcus mutans and total lactobacilli levels using qPCR and for HNP1-3 levels using ELISA. Results In the severe-ECC status, significant increases in the median HNP1-3 levels at T12 were found in both daily and triweekly probiotic groups (p < 0.001). The median S. mutans levels in the daily group were significantly decreased at T6 and T12 (p < 0.01), whereas the median total lactobacilli levels were significantly increased at T6 (p < 0.001). Significantly inverse correlations between altered HNP1-3 and S. mutans levels and significant decreases in caries progression were found in both probiotic groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions In the severe-ECC status, daily or triweekly consumption of L. paracasei SD1 significantly enhanced salivary HNP1-3 levels, but reduced S. mutans levels, possibly resulting in reduction of caries progression. Clinical relevance Significant enhancement of salivary HNP1-3 levels by probiotic consumption is associated with reduction in S. mutans levels, consistent with diminished caries progression in children with severe-ECC. Keywords Alpha-defensins . Early childhood caries . Human neutrophil peptides . Lactobacillus paracasei SD1 . Probiotics . Saliva
Introduction Early childhood caries (ECC) is a major problem worldwide, affecting both oral and general health, including acute and
* Suttichai Krisanaprakornkit [email protected] 1
Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
2
Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
3
Division of Community Dentistry, Department of Family and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
chronic dental
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