Simulation of Chlorine Decay in Drinking Water Distribution Systems: Case Study of Santa Sofia Network (Southern Italy)
Drinking water treatment is needed for providing water that is safe from disease-causing pathogenic microorganisms. Chlorine is widely used as a disinfectant in drinking water systems, although the main disadvantages are the decay of its concentration alo
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Introduction
Any drinking water distribution system has to make the water available to the consumer in proper quantity and pressure, with acceptable quality and sanitary security. Preserving the water quality throughout the distribution system is currently one of the most challenging technological issues for suppliers. For providing water that is safe from disease-causing pathogenic microorganisms, it is commonly treated by disinfection. Chlorine is widely used as a disinfectant in drinking water systems for its advantages such as high oxidation potential, long-term disinfection until the water reaches the consumer, excellent disinfection effectiveness, and relatively low cost. However, chlorine disinfection has some drawbacks such as the formation of undesirable by-products and the decay of chlorine concentration along the water distribution network due to three separated mechanisms, namely, the chlorine reactions in bulk fluid, the chlorine reactions with pipe walls and other system elements, and the natural evaporation. In order to ensure water safety until the point of use (i.e., a desirable level of 0.2 mg/l of residual chlorine at the consumer), the approach commonly used by water suppliers is to carry out periodic chlorine sampling plans in fixed points of the aqueduct. Only recently, in addition, water quality within aqueducts is also investigated by mathematical modeling. G. Fattoruso (*) • D. De Chiara • S. De Vito • V. La Ferrara • G. Di Francia UTTP/Basic Materials and Devices Dept., ENEA RC Portici, P.le E. Fermi, 1-80055 Portici, NA, Italy e-mail: [email protected] A. Leopardi Civil and Mechanical Engineering Dept., Università degli Studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale, Via G. Di Biasio, 43-03043 Cassino, FR, Italy E. Cocozza • M. Viscusi • M. Fontana Feronia srl, Centro Direzionale Isola E/7, Naples, Italy 467 C. Di Natale et al. (eds.), Sensors and Microsystems: Proceedings of the 17th National Conference, Brescia, Italy, 5-7 February 2013, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 268, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-00684-0_90, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
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Over the last decades, several mathematical models have been investigated and developed in literature. They are mostly based on first-order kinetics, second-order kinetics, power-law (nth order) kinetics, and exponential decay assumption or reacting balance equation. The most used models assume an overall first-order reaction within the water distribution system. This is the case of Clark et al.’s water quality model [1], incorporated in the open source software EPA-Epanet, that models water quality behavior of an aqueduct by a simple first-order reaction for a single chemical (i.e., chlorine), with user input first-order reaction rate coefficients kb and kw for the bulk and wall reactions, respectively [1]. The quality model constants are generally defined through a calibration procedure based on chlorine point measurements along aqueduct obtained by sampling plans or by lab scale. The obje
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