Sources of Microplastic in the Environment
Generally, microplastics (MPs) in the environment come from two main types of source, which lead to different sizes of plastic particles: one is the primary source, and another is the secondary source. However, it is not easy or even impossible to identif
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Contents 1 Primary Source of MPs 1.1 Plastic Pellets (Raw Materials) 1.2 Personal Care Products 1.3 Paint 1.4 Washing Wastewater 1.5 Sewage Treatment Plants 1.6 Plastic Running Tracks in Schools 1.7 Artificial Turf 1.8 Rubber Road in Cities 1.9 Vehicle Tire Wear 2 Secondary Source of MPs 2.1 Municipal Debris 2.2 Fishing Wastes 2.3 Farming Film 2.4 Others References
Abstract Generally, microplastics (MPs) in the environment come from two main types of source, which lead to different sizes of plastic particles: one is the primary source, and another is the secondary source. However, it is not easy or even impossible to identify the exact source of MPs detected in the environment. Primary
L. An (*) State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China e-mail: [email protected] Q. Liu and Y. Deng Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China W. Wu Chongqing University, Chongqing, China Y. Gao and W. Ling Northeastern University, Shenyang, China Defu He and Yongming Luo (eds.), Microplastics in Terrestrial Environments - Emerging Contaminants and Major Challenges, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_449, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
L. An et al.
sources of environmental MPs include plastic pellets, personal care products containing microbeads, paint, washing wastewater, sewage sludge, plastic running tracks in schools, artificial turf, rubber road in cities, and vehicle tire wear. Meanwhile, secondary sources include municipal debris such as plastic bags and bottles, fishing wastes, farming film, and other large size plastic wastes. Among these sources, vehicle tire wear is regarded as one of the most important sources of environmental microplastic due to the rapid global increase in the number of vehicles. However, available studies about the presence of rubber particles in the environment are very scarce. It is estimated that secondary sources of MPs currently account for the dominant of MPs in the environment although large plastic wastes need hundreds of years to break down into MPs under natural conditions. The appropriate management of plastic wastes and wastewater is the crucial step to prevent and control microplastic pollution in the environment in the future. Keywords Aquatic environment, Pathway, Primary source, Secondary source, Terrestrial environment
1 Primary Source of MPs 1.1
Plastic Pellets (Raw Materials)
Plastic pellets are granular plastics, commonly with a diameter of 2–5 mm and a regular shape [1], which are used to make various plastic products. Generally, plastic pellets are stored, transported, and processed in the form of semifinished products. Plastic is mainly made from petroleum and coal, which are used to produce ethylene, propylene, styrene, vinyl chloride, and other materials. Plastics are divided into two groups, namely, thermoplastics and thermoset plastics. Most thermoplastics are made of virgin plastic pellets, also called preproduction pellets, beads, or nurdles. In most c
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