Soybean
The soybean is one of the most important legume crops. Several technical advances over the past decade permit the soybean to be readily transformed, using a number of different procedures developed and optimized by numerous laboratories. Today most of the
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Soybean Jack M. Widholm, John J. Finer, Lila O. Vodkin, Harold N. Trick, Peter LaFayette, Jiarui Li, and Wayne Parrott
24.1
Introduction
The soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., continues to be the crop that provides the single largest source of vegetable protein to the human diet and the second-largest source of vegetable oil, having been recently surpassed by oil palm. Soybean products are consumed directly, used as feed for animal production, or as substrates for a wide variety of industrial substrates, ranging from ink to rubber. Therefore, soybean modification is a high priority in order to maintain and improve upon its agronomic characteristics, as well as modifying the seed composition to increase the usefulness of the various seed components. The soybean once suffered the reputation of being a recalcitrant crop when it came to regeneration from tissue culture and transformation (for general aspects of plant transformation, see Chap. 1). Today, soybean boasts an array of transformation methods perhaps unequaled for any other crop. These range from organogenic and Agrobacterium-based methods to embryogenic and microprojectile bombardment-mediated transformation. There have been earlier reviews of soybean transformation, including Trick et al. (1997),
J.M. Widholm and L.O. Vodkin Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, ERML, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA e-mail: [email protected] J.J. Finer Department of Horticulture & Crop Science, OARDC/ Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA H.N. Trick and J. Li Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, 4024 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA P. LaFayette and W. Parrott Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, The University of Georgia, 3111 Plant Sciences Building, Athens, GA 30602-7272, USA
F. Kempken and C. Jung (eds.), Genetic Modification of Plants, Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 64, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0_24, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010
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Dinkins et al. (2002), Clemente and Klein (2004), Widholm (2004) and Olhoft and Somers (2007).
24.2
Methodology
24.2.1 Cot Node and other Organogenic Transformation Systems 24.2.1.1
Cot Node
The first report of transformation and regeneration of soybean utilized A. tumefaciens inoculation of the cotyledonary node (cot node; Hinchee et al. 1988). The cot node system represents one of the two main methods used for soybean transformation (see embryogenic culture system below). The cot node is a small piece of seedling tissue that contains a few millimeters of hypocotyl tissue above and below the node, along with a few millimeters of the petiole from the cotyledon. For this method, seeds are germinated on a medium containing cytokinin for 4–7 days and the cotyledonary node is excised. Use of cytokinin in the germination medium preconditions the tissue to form shoots during the next step of culture. This cot node explant is precisely prepared and wounded to allow access of t
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