Studies on Reduction Characteristics of Limonite and Effect of Sodium Sulphate on The Selective Reduction to Nickel
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
Studies on Reduction Characteristics of Limonite and Effect of Sodium Sulphate on The Selective Reduction to Nickel F. Bahfie1,2
. A. Manaf1 . W. Astuti2 . F. Nurjaman2
Received: 5 October 2020 / Accepted: 2 November 2020 The Institution of Engineers (India) 2020
Abstract The selective reduction process is the process to separate nickel and iron on limonite with the combination of magnetic separation. This process uses sodium sulphate as the additive and graphite as the reductant. The stoichiometry of reductant and the concentration of additive are the key for this process on the selective reduction to the nickel grade, recovery, and grain size of iron–nickel which has been investigated in the variation of graphite stoichiometry and Na2SO4. The samples were analysed by XRay diffraction, fluorescence, and the grain size was measured with an optical microscope. The optimum graphite stoichiometry and Na2SO4 dosage are in the 0.125 st and 10% Na2SO4, which produced a concentrate with nickel grade and recovery of 4.54 weight% and 89.12%. The grain size is being smaller than high level of stoichiometry, and Na2SO4 due to the amount of carbon and Na2SO4 excess in the process with the size 60.63 lm. Keywords Selective reduction Limonite Graphite stoichiometry Natrium sulphate
& F. Bahfie [email protected]; [email protected] & A. Manaf [email protected] 1
Departement of Physic, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Indonesia, Depok, West Java 16424, Indonesia
2
Research Unit for Mineral Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Lampung, South Lampung 35361, Indonesia
Introduction Nickel has great plasticity, corrosion resistance, and magnetic properties and is broadly used with iron and steel. These uses have led to a great increase in the production of nickel in recent years [1]. Therefore, nickel laterite composes greater than 70% of nickel sources and is simple to mine and transport, which has large amounts in recent years and will be the main source of nickel in the future [2]. Nickel laterite ores are divided into two different types based on their chemical and physical characteristics: saprolite and limonite ores [3]. Saprolite ores have heterogeneous distributions of quartz, talc, serpentine, olivine, and high-grade nickel. Limonite ores are buried near the ground surface and have goethite, gibbsite, chromite, and other phases, such as cristobalite and protoenstatite [4, 5]. Therefore, correctly upgrading those ores with the aid of using bodily remedy approaches may be challenging. To resolve this problem, pyrometallurgical manufacturing strategies have been implemented to extract nickel from laterite ores, which can obtain high nickel recoveries [6]. However, due to their excessive electricity intake and the low accumulation price of Ni, the use of these methods is limited by low-grade laterite ores and extremely high operating temperatures [7]. Therefore, pretreatment observed via magnetic separation has been proposed as an easy, low-energy-consumpti
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