Super-Critical-CO 2 De-ECM Process
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MRS Advances © 2018 Materials Research Society DOI: 10.1557/adv.2018.494
Super-Critical-CO2 De-ECM Process Diana Cho1, Seungwon Chung2, Jaeseok Eo2, and Namsoo P. Kim1,2,* 1
Center for Printable Materials Certification, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
2 Materials and Biomedical Engineering Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
ABSTRACT
Extracellular Matrix (ECM), a natural biomaterials, have recently garnered attention in tissue engineering for their high degree of cell proliferative capacity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and tenability in the body. Decellularization process offers a unique approach for fabricating ECM-based natural scaffold for tissue engineering application by removing intracellular contents in a tissue that could cause any adverse host responses. The effects of Supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO2) treatment on the histological and biochemical properties of the decellularized extracellular matrix (de-ECM) were evaluated and compared with de-ECM from conventional decellularization process to see if it offers significantly reduced treatment times, complete decellularization, and well preserved extracellular matrix structure. The study has shown that a novel method of using supercritical fluid extraction system indeed removed all unnecessary residues and only leaving ECM. The potential of Sc-CO2 de-ECM progressed as a promising approach in tissue repair and regeneration.
INTRODUCTION Extracellular Matrix (ECM) is a collective matrix surrounded by cells that allow structural and biochemical support. Recently, de-ECM has been emerging as a best natural biomaterials and is already being applied in many areas of research including tissue engineering, drug delivery, and implantation. In order to manufacture effective ECM material, a proper decellularization process is required to completely remove bioburden from tissues [1]. Most metals used as biomaterials or polymer-composite materials have complications such as lowering the pH in the transplanted site, whereas ECM being a naturally derived material that could eliminate such complications [2],[3].
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ECM consists of various bioactive molecules such as collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglycan (GAGs), fibronectin, laminin, growth factors, and cytokines [4],[5]. Due to this distinct structural properties, ECM aids in cell structural support, cell infiltration, migration, differentiation, and proliferation [6-8]. The typical decellularization process uses acids and bases, detergent, solvent, biological agents and non-enzymatic agents, all of which can lyse the cell membrane and remove intracellular contents [9-13]. Since structure and composition ECM varies between tissue types, decellularization process differs depending on each tissue types. Decellula
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