SWELLING OF BENTONITE-SAND MIXTURES AFTER LONG-TERM DISSOLUTION IN ALKALINE SOLUTION
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SWELLING OF BENTONITE-SAND MIXTURES AFTER LONG-TERM DISSOLUTION IN ALKALINE SOLUTION GUOSHENG XIANG1,2 * AND WEIMIN YE2 1
Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243002, China 2 Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
Abstract—Alkaline solutions have significant effects on the mineral composition and on the microstructure of bentonite; in relevant geoenvironmental engineering applications, therefore, the properties of bentonite buffer materials must be taken into consideration in the presence of alkaline solutions. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of alkaline conditions on the swelling of bentonite mixed with sand. Bentonite-sand mixtures were soaked in a NaOH solution and allowed to react over prescribed periods of 6, 12, and 24 months. Swelling deformation tests were conducted on the alkali-treated bentonite-sand mixtures; the swelling of the mixtures decreased significantly with increased reaction time. The fractal ec-σ relationship (ec is void ratio of bentonite, σ is vertical stress) was employed to express the swelling characteristics of the alkali-treated mixtures, wherein the swelling coefficient decreased as the bentonite content was reduced. Dissolution traces over the clay surfaces degraded the microstructural phase, thereby slightly increasing the fractal dimension. At higher dosages of bentonite, the swelling of bentonite-sand mixtures always followed a similar ec-σ relationship as that found for bentonite alone. On the contrary, in the mixtures with a small bentonite content that surpassed the designated threshold pressure, the void ratio of clay in the mixtures deviated from the ec-σ curve due to the appearance of the sand skeleton. The bentonite content for a particular bentonite-sand mixture at which deviation from the ec-σ curve began was ~50%. This deviation was almost negligible at 50% initial bentonite content in the bentonite-sand mixtures; after treatment with NaOH solution, however, a pronounced deviation in the ec-σ curve was observed which was caused mainly by the decrease in the bentonite percentage. Finally, the vertical pressure threshold was also estimated using the ec-σ relation for bentonite-sand mixtures with small bentonite contents over a range of various alkaline solution reaction times. Keywords—Alkaline solution . Bentonite-sand mixture . Fractal ec-σ relation . Reaction time . Swelling INTRODUCTION Owing to their low hydraulic conductivity, high swelling capacity, and great adsorption capacity, bentonite and sandbentonite mixtures have been used widely in solid waste landfills (Ashmawy et al. 2002), municipal and industrial waste disposal sites (Hoeks et al. 1987; Du et al. 2015), and deep geological disposal repositories of highly radioactive nuclear waste materials (Villar, 2007; Hayakawa et al. 2016). In these applications, alkaline leachates are relatively common and are discharged generally from production processes such as papermaking, dyeing, tanning, and metal processing. In addition, highly alkaline solutions can originate from the
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