Synthesis and ultrastructural observation of arbutoid mycorrhizae of black truffles ( Tuber melanosporum and T. aestivum
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Synthesis and ultrastructural observation of arbutoid mycorrhizae of black truffles (Tuber melanosporum and T. aestivum) Francesca Ori 1 & Marco Leonardi 1 & Antonella Faccio 2 & Fabiano Sillo 2 & Mirco Iotti 1 Raffaella Balestrini 2
&
Giovanni Pacioni 1 &
Received: 27 April 2020 / Accepted: 18 August 2020 / Published online: 24 August 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Arbutus unedo (the strawberry tree) is a Mediterranean shrub which forms arbutoid mycorrhizae with a variety of Asco- and Basidiomycetes. After the discovery of the mycorrhizal symbiosis between A. unedo and Tuber borchii, in this study, arbutoid mycorrhizae were synthetized in greenhouse with Tuber aestivum and Tuber melanosporum. Six months after inoculation, both species colonized the roots of all inoculated A. unedo seedlings, but mature mycorrhizae were only observed after 12 months. Ultrastructure analysis of Tuber arbutoid mycorrhizae was described for the first time, showing, as observed in typical endosymbiosis, a rearrangement of host cells and the creation of an interface compartment with both truffle species. Immunolabelling experiments suggested that pectins are not present in the interface matrix surrounding the intracellular hyphae. Thus, the ability to establish symbiosis with A. unedo seems to be a common feature in the genus Tuber, opening up the possibility to use this plant for mycorrhization with valuable truffles. This could represent an important economic opportunity in Mediterranean areas by combining the production of truffles, edible fruits and valued honey. Keywords Truffle . Strawberry tree . Co-cropping . Morphotyping . TEM . Immunolabelling
Introduction Truffles are hypogeous fungi belonging to the genus Tuber (Ascomycota, Pezizales) that produce edible ascomata. Bonito et al. (2010) estimated that Tuber contains a minimum of 180 species, some of them with high commercial value. The most famous and expensive truffle species are Tuber magnatum Picco and Tuber melanosporum Vittad., better known as the Italian white truffle and the Périgord truffle, respectively. Of great interest are also other species such as Tuber aestivum Vittad. and Tuber borchii Vittad. Cultivation Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-020-00985-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Mirco Iotti [email protected] 1
Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
2
National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
of these edible truffles is becoming increasingly important in their native European countries as well as outside Europe where these fungi do not naturally grow (Zambonelli et al. 2015). Valuable Tuber species can grow in a variety of soil and climate conditions and can establish ectomycorrhizal (ECM) relationships with a broad range of host plants. They are reported to be symbio
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