The electrochemical performance of SnSb/C nanofibers with different morphologies and underlying mechanism
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Zhiyong Li College of Textile and Clothing, Xinjiang University, Urumchi 830046, Xinjiang, China
Leigang Xue Fiber and Polymer Science Program, Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301
Yiping Qiu and Chuyang Zhang College of Textile and Clothing, Xinjiang University, Urumchi 830046, Xinjiang, China
Xiangwu Zhanga) Fiber and Polymer Science Program, Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301 (Received 13 August 2016; accepted 8 December 2016)
SnSb nanoparticles are dispersed in carbon nanofibers by electrospinning technology and different SnSb precursors, including Sn0.92 Sb 0.08 O2.04 nanoparticles, Sn (CH3COO) 2 /Sb(CH 3 COO) 3, and SnCl4 5H2O/SbCl 3, are used to tune the morphology of the resultant SnSb/C nanofibers. Porous SnSb/C nanofibers are formed during carbonization Sn0.92Sb0.08O2.04 nanoparticles and Sn(CH3COO)2/Sb(CH3COO)3 are used as precursors of SnSb, while solid nanofibers are observed with SnCl45H2O/SbCl3 as the precursor indicating the formation mechanism is closely related to the properties of SnSb precursors. Excellent cycling preference (99% capacity retention after 200 cycles) and high coulombic efficiency (above 99% after 10 cycles) are obtained for the SnSb/C nanofibers using Sn0.92Sb0.08O2.04 as precursor, due to its high surface area and stable SnSb/C structure. It is demonstrated that the uniquely designed composite nanofiber structure with excellent lithium storage performance can be realized simply by selecting precursors with appropriate dissolution and decomposition properties.
I. INTRODUCTION
Tin (Sn) is a promising anode material candidate for lithium-ion battery because it has much higher capacity than the traditional graphite, but it suffers from the severe volume change during the lithium intercalation and deintercalation.1–4 In the past decades, morphology design has been proved critical for the performance improvement of the Sn anodes.5–8 Among various kinds of specific nanostructures like nanotubes,9 hollow10,11 and core–shell fibers,12,13 porous nanofibers with large surface areas show us very promising cycling stability,14–16 because the porous structure provides an additional “buffer zone” to allow the volume fluctuation of the reactants and accommodate the volume expansion of the electrode.17,18 Nevertheless, it still needs to explore the
Contributing Editor: Xiaobo Chen a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2016.508
underlying mechanism to overcome either the unsatisfactory performance or the complicated preparation processes. Recently, electrospinning combined with subsequent thermal treatment is becoming one of most appealing approaches for fabricating structured electrode materials with different morphologies because of its superior designability and high scalability.19–21 Generally speaking, the properties of precursors and the thermal treatment parameters are the key factors
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