The Identification of Factors Affecting the Development and Practice of School-Based Counseling in Different National Co
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The Identification of Factors Affecting the Development and Practice of School-Based Counseling in Different National Contexts: A Grounded Theory Study Using a Worldwide Sample of Descriptive Journal Articles and Book Chapters Ian Martin 1 & Alexandra Lauterbach 2 & John Carey 3
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract A grounded theory methodology was used to analyze articles and book chapters describing the development and practice of school-based counseling in 25 different countries in order to identify the factors that affect development and practice. An 11-factor analytic framework was developed. Factors include: Cultural Factors, National Needs, Larger Societal Movements, Models of School Counseling, Laws and Educational Policy, Characteristics of the Public Education System, The Counseling Profession, Research and Evaluation, Related Professions, Community Organizations or NGO Coalitions, and Local Stakeholder Perceptions. The utility of this analytic framework in promoting understanding of the development and practice of school-based counseling in individual countries and in facilitating comparative analyses across countries is illustrated. Keywords School-based counselling . School counseling . Policy . Theory . International research
Introduction School-based counseling exists in many different forms around the globe. The delivery of preventive and/or remedial counseling services for students and parents in schools is being
* Ian Martin [email protected] 1
School of Leadership and Education Sciences, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
2
Department of Student Development, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
3
Ronald H. Fredrickson Center for School Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
Int J Adv Counselling
used to address a diverse set of societal issues, including poverty, threats to public health, violence, educational inequity, mental health, workforce development, and economic development. Diverse services are organized by several different implicit or explicit models and are delivered by individuals from varied disciplinary backgrounds, including teaching, psychology, social work, and professional counseling (Harris 2013). Harris (2013) outlined schoolbased counseling practice in 90 countries, and, similarly, Hohenshil et al. (2013) presented descriptions of the practice of school-based counseling in 40 countries. Descriptions of the development and practice of school counseling in different countries are also abundant in the journal literature. During the process of collecting articles for the present research, we located over 50 recently published English language articles and book chapters describing the development of school-based counseling in various countries. While the information contained in these pieces are interesting and informative, it is difficult to make useful comparisons across cases because there is not a common analytic framework used by all authors. Rather, each a
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