The impact of main air pollutants on respiratory emergency department visits and the modification effects of temperature
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
The impact of main air pollutants on respiratory emergency department visits and the modification effects of temperature in Beijing, China Xuping Song 1,2 & Liangzhen Jiang 1,2 & Shigong Wang 3 & Jinhui Tian 1,2 & Kehu Yang 1,2 & Xinyi Wang 4 & Hongdan Guan 4 & Nan Zhang 5 Received: 11 June 2020 / Accepted: 20 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Research indicates that air pollution is a risk factor of an increased occurrence of diseases. However, evidence is limited on the effects of the pollution index on disease and whether temperature modifies the effects. The objectives were (i) to explore the effects of the Air Pollution Index (API) and specific indices for pollutants (PM10, NO2, and SO2) on respiratory emergency department (ED) visits in Beijing and (ii) to investigate whether temperature modified the effects of main air pollutants on respiratory ED visits. A quasi-Poisson generalized additive model was employed to examine the association of API and indices for pollutants with respiratory disease. Bivariate response surface model and stratification model (cold days, moderately cold days, moderately hot days, and hot days) were used to analyze the modification effects of temperature on air pollution and respiratory disease. The results showed that (i) the effects of API on respiratory diseases were similar to the index for PM10 in Beijing. (ii) API and PM10 were associated with increased respiratory ED visits on cold days and moderately cold days. Furthermore, the effects of PM10 on respiratory disease on moderately cold days [Relative risk (RR) = 1.006 per 10 μg/m3, 95% CI 1.002–1.009] were stronger than on cold days (RR = 1.004 per 10 μg/m3, 95% CI 1.000–1.008). (iii) PM10 (API) had a greater impact on children aged 10 to 17 years and females on moderately cold days, while the elderly had an increased risk of respiratory disease to PM10 (RR = 1.008 per 10 μg/m3, 95% CI 1.002–1.013) and API (RR = 1.013 per 10, 95% CI 1.004–1.022) on cold days. In conclusion, temperature can modify the association between API and respiratory morbidity. A stronger correlation existed between PM10 and respiratory diseases on moderately cold days, while the effects of cold days were less than that attributable to moderately cold days. Keywords Air pollution . Temperature . Modification effects . Respiratory diseases
Responsible editor: Lotfi Aleya Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10949-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Shigong Wang [email protected] Xuping Song [email protected] Liangzhen Jiang [email protected] Jinhui Tian [email protected]
Kehu Yang [email protected] Xinyi Wang [email protected] Hongdan Guan [email protected] Nan Zhang [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
Environ Sci Pollut Res
Background In the last few decades, considerable attention has been paid on environmenta
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