The Interplay Between Cognitive Intelligence, Ability Emotional Intelligence, and Religiosity
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The Interplay Between Cognitive Intelligence, Ability Emotional Intelligence, and Religiosity Paweł Łowicki1 · Marcin Zajenkowski1 · Dimitri van der Linden2
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract The negative association between cognitive intelligence (CI) and religiosity has been widely studied and is now well documented. In contrast, the role of emotional intelligence (EI) in this context has been poorly investigated thus far. Some available data indicate that EI, unlike CI, correlates positively with religiosity. To date, however, no study has explored the relationship between religiosity and both intelligences simultaneously. In current studies (Ns = 301 and 200), we examined the interplay between all three constructs. The results showed that CI was positively correlated with ability EI and negatively with some measures of religiosity. EI, on the other hand, revealed no direct, significant relationship with religiosity. However, when combined into a single regression model with CI, EI became a significant positive predictor of religiosity. Moreover, Study 2 revealed that the link between EI and religiosity was mediated by empathy. Interestingly, we also found a reciprocal suppression between CI and EI, since both predictors increased their influence on religiosity when analyzed together. Although the suppression was present in both studies, it was observed for different religiosity measures in each case, indicating that this effect is probably dependent on various factors, such as sample structure or type of religiosity. Keywords Religiosity · Belief · Cognitive intelligence · Emotional intelligence · Empathy
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s1094 3-019-00953-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Paweł Łowicki [email protected] 1
Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
2
Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
Journal of Religion and Health
Introduction Intelligence and Religiosity Since the beginning of the twentieth century in the field of psychology, there has been an ongoing interest in the relationship between intelligence and religiosity (see Lewis et al. 2011). After decades of research, the negative association between these two variables now seems to be well documented with the correlation coefficient oscillating around − .20 (see Dutton and Van der Linden 2017; Zuckerman et al. 2013). Several interpretations of these findings have been proposed. One is that intelligent people are less likely to conform and, thus, are also more likely to resist religious dogma (Zuckerman et al. 2013). Another explanation is that intelligent people tend to adopt an analytic (as opposed to intuitive) thinking style, which has been shown to promote religious disbelief (Gervais and Norenzayan 2012). More recently, it has been emphasized t
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