The involvement of ventral hippocampal microglial cells, but not cannabinoid CB1 receptors, in morphine-induced analgesi
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The involvement of ventral hippocampal microglial cells, but not cannabinoid CB1 receptors, in morphine‑induced analgesia in rats Hanieh Javid1 · Ameneh Rezayof1 · Zahra Ghasemzadeh1 · Maryam Sardari1 Received: 22 October 2018 / Accepted: 12 April 2019 © Belgian Neurological Society 2019
Abstract It is well known that glial cells are involved in pain processing. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible involvement of the ventral hippocampal (VH) glial cells in morphine-induced analgesia. A tail-flick apparatus was used to measure pain sensitivity in male Wistar rats that were bilaterally cannulated in the VH by stereotaxic surgery. The results showed that intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of morphine (2.5–7.5 mg/kg) induced analgesia in a time-dependent manner. The blockade of the VH glial cell activation by bilateral microinjection of a glial inhibitor, minocycline (5–15 µg/ rat) into the VH with an ineffective dose of morphine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p) significantly increased morphine analgesia. Considering that the endocannabinoid system via CB1 receptors play a crucial role in pain modulation, we also assessed the possible role of the VH cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the functional interaction between minocycline and morphine in acute pain. Our results indicated that intra-VH injection of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist, arachidonylcyclopropylamide (ACPA; 4–12 ng/rat) had no effect on minocycline-induced potentiation of morphine analgesia. It should be considered that intra-VH microinjection of minocycline or ACPA by itself had no effect on tail-flick latency. Our findings suggest that the activation of the VH microglial cells may be involved in mediating pain sensation, because the inhibition of these cells by intra-VH injection of minocycline could potentiate morphine-induced analgesia. Although endocannabinoids have a regulatory role in glia function, the activation of CB1 receptors could not affect the potentiative effect of minocycline on morphine analgesia. Keywords Morphine · Minocycline · ACPA · Ventral hippocampus · Analgesia · Rat(s) Abbreviations ACPA Arachidonylcyclopropylamide ANOVA Analysis of variance AUC Area under the curve CB Cannabinoid eCBs Endocannabinoids i.p. Intraperitoneal LTP Long-term potentiation MAPKs Mitogen-associated protein kinases MPE Maximum possible effect SEM Standard error of mean TFL Tail-flick latency VH Ventral hippocampus WIN55,212-2 WIN55,212-2 mesylate * Ameneh Rezayof [email protected] 1
Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, 4155‑6455, Tehran, Iran
Introduction Morphine as a μ-opioid receptor agonist is widely used for pain management in humans; however, dependence and tolerance states would be developed following its repeated use [1, 2]. Subclinical studies showed that the activation of neuronal μ-opioid receptors in the pain transmission pathways inhibits the adenylyl cyclase activity and decreases neuronal excitability to induce analgesia [3]. M
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