The role of 3D printing during COVID-19 pandemic: a review
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REVIEW ARTICLE
The role of 3D printing during COVID‑19 pandemic: a review Guilherme Arthur Longhitano1 · Guilherme Bitencourt Nunes1 · Geovany Candido1 · Jorge Vicente Lopes da Silva1 Received: 22 July 2020 / Accepted: 7 November 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARSCoV-2), has spread through more than 180 countries, leading to diverse health systems overload around the world. Because of the high number of patients and the supply chain disruption, it generated a shortage of medical devices and personal protective equipment. In this context, initiatives from the additive manufacturing community emerged to fight the lack of devices. Diverse designs were produced and are currently being used in hospitals by patients and health workers. However, as some devices must follow strict standards, these products may not fulfill these standards. Therefore, to ensure the user’s health, there is a need for understanding each device, their usage, and standards. This study reviews the use of additive manufacturing during COVID-19 pandemic. It gathers the source of several 3D printed devices such as face shields, face masks, valves, nasopharyngeal swabs, and others, discussing their use and regulatory issues. In this regard, the major drawbacks of the technology, addressed for the next pandemic scenario, are highlighted. Finally, some insights of the future of additive manufacturing during emergency are given and discussed. Keywords Additive manufacturing · 3D printing · COVID-19 · Pandemic · PPE · Medical devices
1 Introduction The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had its first documented patient in December 2019, Wuhan, China [1]. Since then, the virus has spread through the world, and the World Health Organization (WHO) defined the disease as pandemic in 11 March 2020 [2]. Just 9 months after identified “patient zero”, the disease has spread, on October 9th, in 188 countries and regions with more than 36.6 million confirmed cases and more than 1,063,000 global deaths according to the official data of the countries in the COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU) [3]. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be transmitted though droplets [4], aerosol, and direct and indirect physical contact through contaminated surfaces, in which the virus may remain up to 72 h [4, 5]. Regarding the transmission modes involving droplets and aerosol, they are still under research and a * Guilherme Arthur Longhitano [email protected] 1
Center for Information Technology Renato Archer (CTI), Campinas, Brazil
consensus has not been reached [6, 7]. Some recent works point out that aerosol transmission may be more significant than previously considered [8, 9]. Infected people might be asymptomatic [10, 11], but may also present severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), resulting in intensive care unit (ICU) admiss
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