The role of antibody expression and their association with bladder cancer recurrence: a single-centre prospective clinic
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The role of antibody expression and their association with bladder cancer recurrence: a single‑centre prospective clinical‑pilot study in 35 patients Peter Ella‑Tongwiis1,2, Rebecca May Lamb4, Alexander Makanga3, Iqbal Shergill1,2,5 and Stephen Fôn Hughes1,2*
Abstract Background: Bladder cancer (BC) is the 10th most common cancer in the UK, with about 10,000 new cases annu‑ ally. About 75–85% of BC are non-muscle invasive (NMIBC), which is associated with high recurrence and progression rates (50–60% within 7–10 years). There are no routine biomarkers currently available for identifying BC patients at increased risk of developing recurrence. The focus of this research study was to evaluate antibody expression in BC patients and their association with cancer recurrence. Methods: 35 patients scheduled for TURBT were recruited after written informed consent. Ethical approval for the project was granted via IRAS (REC4: 14/WA/0033). Following surgical procedure, tissues were preserved in 10% buff‑ ered formalin and processed within 24 h in FFPE blocks. 7 sections (4 µm each) were cut from each block and stained for CD31, Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2), S100P, Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), VEGFR-3 thrombo‑ modulin and CEACAM-1 using immunohistochemistry. Clinical outcome measures (obtained via cystoscopy) were monitored for up to 6 months following surgical procedure. Results: There was significantly increased expression of CD31 (p
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