The role of exosomes in stroke
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REVIEW
The role of exosomes in stroke Man‑Man Wang1 · Ya‑Shuo Feng1 · Zi‑Xuan Tan1 · Ying Xing1 · Fang Dong2 · Feng Zhang1,3 Received: 3 December 2019 / Accepted: 5 June 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Stroke is induced by a partial disruption of cerebral blood flow to the brain and is related to high morbidity and mortality. In the central nervous system, exosomes have been proven to exert neuroprotective effects, reducing brain damage following a stroke. This review was performed by searching the relevant articles in the SCIENCEDIRECT, PUBMED, and Web of Science databases from respective inception to November 2018. We review the relationship between exosomes and angiogenesis, neurogenesis, antiapoptosis, autophagy, and the blood–brain barrier in stroke. Moreover, exosomes are found to be a promising tool for the diagnosis and treatment of stroke. In summary, exosomes provide a novel way to alleviate brain damage following a stroke. Keywords Exosomes · Stroke · Neuroprotection · Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)
Background Stroke, including intracerebral hemorrhage, ubarachnoid hemorrhage, and cerebral ischemia which can also be divided into ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke is the leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide [1]. Stroke, which can begin with a partial disruption of cerebral blood flow to brain [2], induces severe brain injury and is related to high morbidity and mortality [3]. With the occurrence of stroke, the blood flow is disrupted by a blockage or bleed, leading to damaged neuronal cells and multiple dysfunctions [4]. Rehabilitation following stroke is related to a series of highly interactive courses, for instance, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, and axonal outgrowth, which together promote neurological recovery [5]. Reliable and effective interventions for ischemic stroke
* Feng Zhang [email protected] 1
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
2
Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, People’s Republic of China
3
Hebei Provincial Orthopedic Biomechanics Key Laboratory, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, People’s Republic of China
are urgently needed for stroke patients. A suitable intervention target is the key to develop a novel therapy for stroke. Exosomes are nanovesicles with a diameter of 30–150 nm, corresponding to the intraluminal vesicles of the endosomal multivesicles, and exosomes are released upon fusion with the multivesicular bodies [6]. In vivo studies demonstrate that human brains and rodents generate exosomes [7]. Exosomes have multiple biological properties in their antigen presentation, intercellular communication, immune reaction, and RNA and protein delivery [8]. Indeed, exosomes enable intercellular communication by delivering lipids, proteins, and genetic material to cells at
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