The Social Production of Scientific Knowledge

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SOCIOLOGY OF THE SCIENCES A YEARBOOK

Editorial Board: G. B6hme, Max-Planck-Institut. Starnberg N. Elias, University of Leicester Y. Elkana, The Van Leer Jerusalem Foundation. Jerusalem R. Krohn, McGill University. Montreal W. Krohn, Max-Planck-Institut, Starnberg G. Lemaine, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris W. Lepenies, Free University of Berlin H. Martins, University of Oxford E. Mendelsohn, Harvard University H. Nowotny, European Centre for Social Welfare Training

and Research, Vienna H. Rose, University of Bradford P. Weingart, University of Bielefeld R. D. Whitley, Manchester Business School, University of Manchester

Managing Editor: R. D. Whitley

VOLUME 1- 1977

THE SOCIAL PRODUCTION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

Edited by

EVERETT MENDELSOHN, PETER WEINGART and

RICHARD WHITLEY

D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY DORDRECHT-HOLLAND I BOSTON-U.S.A.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: The Social production of scientific knowledge. (Sociology of sciences; v. I, 1977) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Science - Social aspects. I. Mendelsohn, Everett. II. Weingart, Peter. III. Whitley, Richard. IV. Series. 76-58390 Q175.5.S6 501

ISBN-l3: 978-90-277-0776-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-010-1186-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-010-1186-0

Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, P.O. Box 17, Dordrecht, Holland Sold and distributed in the U.S.A., Canada, and Mexico by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Inc. Lincoln Building, 160 Old Derby Street, Hingham, Mass. 02043, U.S.A.

All Rights Reserved Copyright © 1977 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any informational storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Editorial Statement

VII

PART I: The Institutionalisation of the Sciences: Changing Concepts and Approaches in the History and Sociology o/Science EVERETT MENDELSOHN - The Social Construction of Scientific Knowl-

edge

3

WOLFGANG VAN DEN DAELE - The Social Construction of Science: In-

stitutionalisation and Definition of Positive Science in the Latter Half of the Seventeenth Century WOLF LEPENIES - Problems of a Historical Study of Science ROGER G. KROHN - Scientific Ideology and Scientific Process: The Natural History of a Conceptual Shift

27 55 69

PART II: Social Relations of Cognitive Structures in the Sciences PHYLLIS COLVIN - Ontological and EpistemolOgical Commitments and

Social Relations in the Sciences: The Case of the Arithmomorphic System of Scientific Production 103 GERNOT BOHME - Cognitive Norms, Knowledge-Interests and the Constitution of the Scientific Object: A Case Study in the Functioning of Rules for Experimentation 129 RICHARD WHITLEY - Changes in the Social and Intellectual Organisation of the Sciences: Professionalisation and the Arithmetic Ideal 143 TREVOR J. PINCH - What Does a Proof D