The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation
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The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation Ruth Tennant1, Louise Hiller1, Ruth Fishwick1, Stephen Platt2, Stephen Joseph3, Scott Weich1, Jane Parkinson4, Jenny Secker5 and Sarah Stewart-Brown*1 Address: 1Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK, 2Research Unit in Health, Behaviour and Change, School of Clinical Sciences & Community Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, 3School of Sociology & Social Policy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, 4NHS Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK and 5Faculty of Health and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK Email: Ruth Tennant - [email protected]; Louise Hiller - [email protected]; Ruth Fishwick - [email protected]; Stephen Platt - [email protected]; Stephen Joseph - [email protected]; Scott Weich - [email protected]; Jane Parkinson - [email protected]; Jenny Secker - [email protected]; Sarah Stewart-Brown* - [email protected] * Corresponding author
Published: 27 November 2007 Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2007, 5:63
doi:10.1186/1477-7525-5-63
Received: 18 July 2007 Accepted: 27 November 2007
This article is available from: http://www.hqlo.com/content/5/1/63 © 2007 Tennant et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract Background: There is increasing international interest in the concept of mental well-being and its contribution to all aspects of human life. Demand for instruments to monitor mental well-being at a population level and evaluate mental health promotion initiatives is growing. This article describes the development and validation of a new scale, comprised only of positively worded items relating to different aspects of positive mental health: the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS). Methods: WEMWBS was developed by an expert panel drawing on current academic literature, qualitative research with focus groups, and psychometric testing of an existing scale. It was validated on a student and representative population sample. Content validity was assessed by reviewing the frequency of complete responses and the distribution of responses to each item. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the hypothesis that the scale measured a single construct. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Criterion validity was explored in terms of correlations between WEMWBS and other scales and by testing whether the scale discriminated between population groups in line with pre-specified hypotheses. Testretest reliability was assessed at one week using intra-class correlation coefficients. Susceptibility to bias was measured using the Balanced Inventory of Desired Responding. Results: WEM
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