Traffic-Dependent and Energy-Based Time Delay Routing Algorithms for Improving Energy Efficiency in Mobile Ad Hoc Networ
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Traffic-Dependent and Energy-Based Time Delay Routing Algorithms for Improving Energy Efficiency in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks K. Murugan Ramanujan Computing Centre, College of Engineering, Chennai, India Email: [email protected]
S. Shanmugavel Telematics Lab, Department of ECE, College of Engineering, Chennai, India Email: [email protected] Received 4 July 2004; Revised 26 May 2005 Reducing power consumption and increasing battery life of nodes in an ad hoc network requires an integrated power control and routing strategy. The power control is achieved by new route selection mechanisms for MANET routing protocols, which we call energy-based time delay routing (EBTDR) and highest energy routing (HER). These algorithms try to increase the operational lifetime of an ad hoc network by implementing a couple of modifications to the basic DSR protocol and making it energy efficient in routing packets. The modification in EBTDR is enabled by introducing a delay in forwarding the packets by nodes, which is inversely proportional to the remaining energy level of the node, while in HER the route selection is based on the energy drain rate information in the route request packet to improve the fidelity in selection as it provides an optimized solution based on the link traffic in the network. It is observed from the simulation results that the proposed algorithms increase the lifetime of mobile ad hoc networks, at the expense of system complexity and realization. Keywords and phrases: DSR, AODV, energy efficient routing protocols, ad hoc networks, GloMoSim, MANET.
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INTRODUCTION
The mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) [1] are instantly deployable without anywired base station or fixed infrastructure. A node communicates directly with the nodes within radio range and indirectly with all others using a dynamically determined multihop route. The major motivation for studying ad hoc networks comes from military usage, several forms of tactical communication such as disaster recoveries, law enforcements, and various forms of home and personal area networks as well as sensor networks. A critical issue for MANETs is that the activity of nodes is energyconstrained. However, significant energy savings can be obtained at the routing level by designing minimum energy routing protocols that take into consideration the energy costs of a route when choosing the appropriate route. ad hoc routing protocols can be broadly classified as tabledriven routing protocols and source-initiated on-demand This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
routing protocols [2]. Table-driven schemes are more expensive in terms of energy consumption as compared to the ondemand schemes because of the large routing overhead incurred in the former [3]. Hence, the on-demand approach is preferable for designing minimum energy routing protocols. Many protocols are designed concerning device energy generat
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